Novel carbon-fiber microelectrode batch fabrication using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin

Trikantzopoulos, Elefterios; Yang, Cheng; Ganesana, Mallikarjunarao; Wang, Ying; Venton, B. Jill

doi:10.1039/c6an01469k

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Previously, different nanomaterials, polymers, surface modifications, and electrochemical techniques have been used to improve the selectivity. ,− Here, the cavity geometry and the resulting enhanced electric field at the tip preconcentrates dopamine (Figure S1) and repels negatively charged species such as ascorbic acid. In addition, ascorbic acid has no obvious reduction, indicating an irreversible reaction at the cavity CNPEs, which is different from the reversible reaction at the CFMEs. ,, Thus, there is no redox cycling for ascorbic acid as there is with dopamine. The promising dopamine selectivity over ascorbic acid is due to both the repulsion by the negative electric field and the irreversible redox reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, ascorbic acid has no obvious reduction, 43 indicating an irreversible reaction at the cavity CNPEs, which is different from the reversible reaction at the CFMEs. 34,41,44 Thus, there is no redox cycling for ascorbic acid as there is with dopamine. The promising dopamine selectivity over ascorbic acid is due to both the repulsion by the negative electric field and the irreversible redox reaction.…”

Section: Analytical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cavity Carbon-Nanopipette Electrodes for Dopamine Detection

Yang

Wang

et al. 2019

Anal. Chem.

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Microelectrodes are typically used for neurotransmitter detection, but nanoelectrodes are not because there is a trade-off between spatial resolution and sensitivity, which is dependent on surface area. Cavity carbon nanopipette electrodes (CNPEs), with tip diameters of a few hundred nanometers, have been developed for nano-scale electrochemistry. Here, we characterize the electrochemical performance of CNPEs with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) for the first time. Dopamine detection is compared at cavity CNPEs, with a depth equivalent to a few radii, and open-tube CNPEs, an essentially infinite geometry. Open-tube CNPEs have very slow temporal response that changes over time as the liquid rises in the pipette. However, the cavity CNPEs have a fast temporal response to a bolus of dopamine that is not different than traditional carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Cavity CNPEs, with a tip diameter of 200-400 nm, have high currents because the small cavity traps and increases the local dopamine concentration. The trapping also leads to a FSCV frequency independent response and the appearance of cyclization peaks that are normally observed only with large concentrations of dopamine. CNPEs have high dopamine selectivity over ascorbic acid (AA) due to the repulsion of AA by the negative electric field at the holding potential and the irreversible redox reaction. In mouse brain slices, cavity CNPEs detected exogenously-applied dopamine, showing they do not clog in tissue. Thus, cavity CNPEs are promising neurochemical sensors that provide spatial resolution on the scale of hundreds of nanometers, useful for small model organisms or locating near specific cells.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Analytical Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavity Carbon-Nanopipette Electrodes for Dopamine Detection

Yang

Wang

et al. 2019

Anal. Chem.

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“…Given the large variation between the amount of carbon present within the different conductive thermoplastics, we initially created a cylinder molded electrode (ME), in which the depth of the electrode was 1.2 mm and the diameter was 3 mm. This approach was taken as molding is one of the most effective ways to make electrodes using carbon thermoplastics [34][35][36] . These dimensions were chosen to ensure that the electrode geometry did not bias the performance of the varying carbon allotropes as this geometry increased the percolation threshold for the number of conductive pathways within the electrode 37 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring different carbon allotrope thermoplastic composites for electrochemical sensing

Hussain

Shergill

Hamzah

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Composite electrodes provide an effective and cheap way to utilise a wide range of carbon materials to make electrodes. More recently thermoplastics have been widely used as the binder to make carbon composite electrodes, as varying fabrication approaches, such as 3D printing, can make complex electrode geometries. However, there is a clear need to understand how the electrochemical performance of different carbon allotrope materials varies when made into sensors. We accessed PLA thermoplastic filaments containing carbon black, graphite, graphene, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and carbon fiber using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrodes were made in thin disc electrodes using molding to negate the influence of geometry on electrochemical activity and also in dome shapes using 3D printing to understand the impact of geometry. MWCNT/PLA electrodes had the lowest sensitivity for measurement of serotonin. Graphene/PLA electrodes had the greatest sensitivity and lowest limit of detection for the measurement of serotonin. However, graphene/PLA and graphite/PLA had the poorest resolution in the fabrication of dome-shaped electrodes. CB/PLA dome electrodes were the most uniform and had the best print resolution. CB/PLA electrodes also had the best stability for sustained monitoring of serotonin. Electrodes made from all carbon materials showed good electron transfer kinetics for redox probes on molded electrodes, but when dome electrodes were made using 3D printing, poor electron transfer kinetics were observed on all materials. Overall, our study highlights key differences in the electrochemical activity of different carbon allotropes and the impact fabrication of complex electrode geometries can have on performance. This interplay between geometry and electrochemical performance is critical in designing carbon electrodes for a wide range of applications.

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“…A study by the Venton group used this approach, where two-photon lithography was used to 3D-print photoresist on the tip of metal electrodes. This was then carbonized to create sphere microelectrodes [25]. Figure 3 shows these 3D-printed electrodes being utilised for in vivo detection of dopamine in vivo in the caudate [26].…”

Section: Ex Vivo and In Vivo Measurements Using 3d-printed Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D-printed electrochemical sensors: A new horizon for measurement of biomolecules

Abdalla

Patel

2020

Current Opinion in Electrochemistry

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Electrochemical sensors are widely used to monitor biomolecules. However, limitations in sensor geometry has restricted the scope of currently utilised electrochemical sensors. 3D-printing has emerged as a promising manufacturing approach, to robustly make electrochemical sensors, that can stably measure in biological environments. This review highlights the recent trends in the development of 3D-printed electrodes and biosensors for measurement of biomolecules. Novel geometries of 3D-printed electrodes have provided the means to conduct ex vivo measurement in the intestinal tract and in vivo measurements in the brain. 3D-printing is providing the ability to manufacture electrochemical sensors that can measure biomolecules in diverse areas of the body.

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Novel carbon-fiber microelectrode batch fabrication using a 3D-printed mold and polyimide resin

Cited by 15 publications

References 27 publications

Cavity Carbon-Nanopipette Electrodes for Dopamine Detection

Cavity Carbon-Nanopipette Electrodes for Dopamine Detection

Exploring different carbon allotrope thermoplastic composites for electrochemical sensing

3D-printed electrochemical sensors: A new horizon for measurement of biomolecules

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