Novel Combined Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation of a 100% Sustainable Energy Interconnected Microgrids

Fayek, Hady H.; Rusu, Eugen

doi:10.3390/su14159428

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The performance of the system was further enhanced by the addition of an HVDC link and multiple energy storage components. For a two-area, ten-source IPS with three bioenergy and two solar energy sources, Hady H. Fayek and Eugen Rusu investigated a PIDA controller using DPO [23]. Naga Sai Kalyan et al investigated a HAEFA-based fuzzy PID for a two-area, three-source IPS that included energy storage devices such as RFBs, SMES, and UCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

et al. 2023

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Existing interconnected power systems (IPSs) are being overloaded by the expansion of the industrial and residential sectors together with the incorporation of renewable energy sources, which cause serious fluctuations in frequency, voltage, and tie-line power. The automatic voltage regulation (AVR) and load frequency control (LFC) loops provide high quality power to all consumers with nominal frequency, voltage, and tie-line power deviation, ensuring the stability and security of IPS in these conditions. In this paper, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is investigated for the effective control of a four-area IPS. Each IPS area has five generating units including gas, thermal reheat, hydro, and two renewable energy sources, namely wind and solar photovoltaic plants. The PID controller was tuned by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm known as a gradient-based optimizer (GBO). The integral of time multiplied by squared value of error (ITSE) was utilized as an error criterion for the evaluation of the fitness function. The voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses of GBO-PID were evaluated and compared with integral–proportional derivative (GBO-I-PD), tilt integral derivative (GBO-TID), and integral–proportional (GBO-I-P) controllers with 5% step load perturbation (SLP) provided in each of the four areas. Comprehensive comparisons between GBO-PID and other control methodologies revealed that the proposed GBO-PID controller provides superior voltage, frequency, and tie-line power responses in each area. The reliability and efficacy of GBO-PID methodology were further validated with variations in the turbine time constant and speed regulation over a range of Â ± 25%. It is evident from the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis that the proposed GBO-PID control methodology is very reliable and can successfully stabilize the deviations in terminal voltage, load frequency, and tie-line power with a shorter settling time in a four-area IPS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

et al. 2023

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“…Off-grid and on-grid systems have various advantages and disadvantages based on the components used for efficient operation. On-grid distributed generation (DG) depends on sustainable power sources and requires the work of vitality stockpiling to defeat the uncertainty in power production by the sources while representing time-fluctuating power costs [1]. Off-grid hybrid systems are most appropriate for remote areas as they dispense with the necessity for grid expansion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation

Arunachalam¹,

Kumar²,

Rusu

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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A hybrid microgrid system is modelled using HOMER-Pro software for real-time load data and available energy sources at Elapakkam village under Ramapuram substation, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Optimization approaches are applied for the selection of rating of the physical components, including solar PV systems, diesel generators, storage batteries, converters, inverters, and economic parameters such as system cost, fuel cost, and cash flow. The daily community load profile for the year 2018 was estimated based on data from TANGEDCO. Accordingly, the total load demand for the village represented 8760 lines of hourly load. The aim of this paper is to select an optimal-sized and reliable hybrid microgrid system to meet the load demands with available energy inputs. However, a comparison based on the cost of energy (COE) and the penetration of renewable energy is carried out for different case studies in the village with the economic-feasibility analysis of various countries. From this analysis, emissions cannot be completely avoided, they could be minimized by combining existing systems with renewable energy systems.

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“…In [12], the authors applied TFWO to optimally operate an IEEE 68 bus system in the presence of high-voltage dc cables (HVDCs). In [13], the authors applied the doctor and patient algorithm to optimally regulate the voltage and frequency of two interconnected micro-grids with 100% renewable power generation including energy storage systems. In [14], the authors applied poor and rich optimal control of a 100% interconnected farm in Egypt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacophore-Modeling-Based Optimal Placement and Sizing of Large-Scale Energy Storage Stations in a Power System including Wind Farms

Fayek,

Rusu

2023

Applied Sciences

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The world is targeting fully sustainable electricity by 2050. Energy storage systems have the biggest role to play in the 100% renewable energy scenario. This paper presents an optimal method for energy storage sizing and allocation in a power system including a share of wind farms. The power system, which is used as a test system, is a modified version of the IEEE 39 bus system. The optimization is applied using novel pharmacophore modeling (PM), which is compared to state-of-the-art techniques. The objective of the optimization is to minimize the costs of power losses, peak demand and voltage deviation. The PM optimization is applied using two methods, namely, weighting factor and normalization. The optimization and simulation are applied in the DIgSILENT power factory software application. The results show that normalization of PM optimization drives the power system to less cost in terms of total power losses by up to 29% and voltage deviation by up to 4% and better covers peak demand than state-of-the-art optimization techniques.

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Novel Combined Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation of a 100% Sustainable Energy Interconnected Microgrids

Cited by 13 publications

References 24 publications

Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

Load Frequency Control and Automatic Voltage Regulation in Four-Area Interconnected Power Systems Using a Gradient-Based Optimizer

Economic Feasibility of a Hybrid Microgrid System for a Distributed Substation

Pharmacophore-Modeling-Based Optimal Placement and Sizing of Large-Scale Energy Storage Stations in a Power System including Wind Farms

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