Novel Electrodes for Underwater ECG Monitoring

Reyes, Bersaín A.; Posada-Quintero, Hugo F.; Bales, Justin R.; Clement, Amanda L.; Pins, George D.; Swiston, Albert; Riistama, Jarno; Florian, John P.; Shykoff, Barbara E.; Qin, Murong; Chon, Ki H.

doi:10.1109/tbme.2014.2309293

Cited by 97 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Hence, the impact of the electrode-skin contact impedance on the collected signal amplitude was found to be negligible. Note that impedance results between Ag/AgCl and CSA electrodes are in agreement with what has been reported previously [4], [12]–[14]. Higher impedance was found for CSA electrodes in the current work than in our previous study [4], but this is because the salt concentration was substantially reduced to minimize possible skin irritation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of Carbon/Salt/Adhesive Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Measurements

Posada-Quintero

Rood

Burnham

et al. 2016

IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med.

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This paper presents the evaluation of novel electrodes for surface electromyography (sEMG) measurements. The electrodes are based on the mixture of carbon powder, quaternary salt, and viscoelastic polymeric adhesive (carbon/salt/adhesive or simply CSA), which when combined, provide the unique advantages of having longer (theoretically infinite) shelf life and potentially lower cost than Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes, consistent with FLEXcon’s Patent #8 673 184. The 20 subjects were recruited to collect simultaneous recordings of sEMG signals using Ag/AgCl and CSA electrodes, side-by-side on triceps brachii, tibial anterior muscles, biceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris. Although CSA sEMG electrodes showed higher electrode-skin contact impedance for the frequency range of 4 Hz–2 kHz, no significant differences were found in the signals’ amplitude between the two electrodes either during relaxation or contraction stages. Furthermore, correlations of the computed linear envelopes (>0.91), rms value envelopes (>0.91), and power spectral densities (>0.95) of the signals were found to be high between the two media. Detected ON- and OFF-times of contraction were also highly correlated (>0.9) and interchangeable (ON-time: bias = −0.02, variance = 0.11; OFF-time: bias = −0.04, variance = 0.23) between the two media. However, CSA sEMG electrodes exhibited a significantly better response to noise (38.3 ± 10.6 dB versus 32.7 ± 15.6 dB) and motion artifacts (24.1 ± 12.1 dB versus 16.6 ± 8.52 dB), and a significantly lower spectral deformation (1.32 ± 0.2 versus 1.46 ± 0.4). Ag/AgCl electrodes showed a significantly more peaked and sensitive response to EMG amplitude (67.9 ± 13.9 dB versus 65.4 ± 14.6 dB). Given no significant differences in many of the measures described earlier and the fact that CSA electrodes have an infinite shelf-life are potentially lower cost, and are more resistant to motion artifacts, the new electrodes provide an attractive alternative to Ag/AgCl electrodes for sEMG measurements.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of Carbon/Salt/Adhesive Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Measurements

Posada-Quintero

Rood

Burnham

et al. 2016

IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med.

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“…Thus, our AOC patch with conductive hierarchical architectures can monitor ECG signals when attached to our volunteers' skin, under dry conditions and various wet conditions (moist skin with/without hand movements and flowing water; see Figure d(i–iv)). Although conventional ECG patches may easily measure biosignals in conductive media (e.g., water), they cannot function as such on wet surfaces or in flowing water (see Figures S15 and S16, Supporting Information). Yet, ensuring delamination resistance against skin with/without flowing water and dynamic movements is critical for long‐term collection of ECG waveforms of numerous peaks,[9a,31] such as peaks of P by atrial depolarization, Q by septal depolarization, R by septal depolarization, S by late ventricular depolarization, and T by repolarization of the ventricles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Permeable Skin Patch with Conductive Hierarchical Architectures Inspired by Amphibians and Octopi for Omnidirectionally Enhanced Wet Adhesion

Kim

Baik

Min

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

154

136

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Amphibian adhesion systems can enhance adhesion forces on wet or rough surfaces via hexagonal architectures, enabling omnidirectional peel resistance and drainage against wet and rough surfaces, often under flowing water. In addition, an octopus has versatile suction cups with convex cup structures located inside the suction chambers for strong adhesion in various dry and wet conditions. Highly air-permeable, water-drainable, and reusable skin patches with enhanced pulling adhesion and omnidirectional peel resistance, inspired by the microchannel network in the toe pads of tree frogs and convex cups in the suckers of octopi, are presented. By investigating various geometric parameters of microchannels on the adhesive surface, a simple model to maximize peeling strength via a time-dependent zig-zag profile and an arresting effect against crack propagation is first developed. Octopus-like convex cups are employed on the top surfaces of the hexagonal structures to improve adhesion on skin in sweaty and even flowing water conditions. The amount of reduced graphene oxide nanoplatelets coated on the frog and octopus-inspired hierarchical architectures is controlled to utilize the patches as flexible electrodes which can monitor electrocardiography signals without delamination from wet skin under motion.

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“…Another reason could be a subpar electrode contact leading to signal deformation, which is determined by the electrode-body interface [14,29]. Sufficient and constant contact pressure is known to be important for textile ECG measurements [1,11,30]. Assuming that the electrodes are the reason for the deformations, the results from Tables 2 and 3 were examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel 12-Lead ECG T-Shirt with Active Electrodes

Boehm

Neu

et al. 2016

Electronics

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Abstract:We developed an ECG T-shirt with a portable recorder for unobtrusive and long-term multichannel ECG monitoring with active electrodes. A major drawback of conventional 12-lead ECGs is the use of adhesive gel electrodes, which are uncomfortable during long-term application and may even cause skin irritations and allergic reactions. Therefore, we integrated comfortable patches of conductive textile into the ECG T-shirt in order to replace the adhesive gel electrodes. In order to prevent signal deterioration, as reported for other textile ECG systems, we attached active circuits on the outside of the T-shirt to further improve the signal quality of the dry electrodes. Finally, we validated the ECG T-shirt against a commercial Holter ECG with healthy volunteers during phases of lying down, sitting, and walking. The 12-lead ECG was successfully recorded with a resulting mean relative error of the RR intervals of 0.96% and mean coverage of 96.6%. Furthermore, the ECG waves of the 12 leads were analyzed separately and showed high accordance. The P-wave had a correlation of 0.703 for walking subjects, while the T-wave demonstrated lower correlations for all three scenarios (lying: 0.817, sitting: 0.710, walking: 0.403). The other correlations for the P, Q, R, and S-waves were all higher than 0.9. This work demonstrates that our ECG T-shirt is suitable for 12-lead ECG recordings while providing a higher level of comfort compared with a commercial Holter ECG.

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Novel Electrodes for Underwater ECG Monitoring

Cited by 97 publications

References 30 publications

Assessment of Carbon/Salt/Adhesive Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Measurements

Assessment of Carbon/Salt/Adhesive Electrodes for Surface Electromyography Measurements

Highly Permeable Skin Patch with Conductive Hierarchical Architectures Inspired by Amphibians and Octopi for Omnidirectionally Enhanced Wet Adhesion

A Novel 12-Lead ECG T-Shirt with Active Electrodes

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