“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] The traditional methods such as ion-exchange, chemical oxidation/reduction, chemical precipitation, ultra-ltration and reverse osmosis have several disadvantages such as high expense, prolonged period with less efficiency, production of other waste products, etc. 19 The adsorption method is still superior to other techniques because of its lowcost, simplicity of design, ease of operation, high effectiveness, reuse of the adsorbents along with their high adsorption capacity. [2][3][4][5][12][13][14][15][16]19 However, recent bias has been shied to nanotechnology since nanoscale size, large surface area to volume ratio or efficiency, economic viability and environmental friendliness are all considered useful in the removal of heavy metal ions.…”