Novel scalable aerosol-assisted CVD route for perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Organo-metal halide perovskite research has progressed rapidly, with photovoltaic (PV) devices achieving over 25% power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, scalable production of these devices is an ongoing challenge. We demonstrate...

Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth‐Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films**

“…Cracks appeared in the surface of the film deposited on TiO 2 /glass, likely due to evaporation of DMF under vacuum, and no clear sintering process was evident (Figure 5 e). Vacuum annealing of the film deposited on FTO/glass undergo sintering to form a compact and relatively smoother film (RMS roughness=0.128 μm) than reported perovskite films deposited via AACVD, [54] which is shown in cross‐sectional SEM view (Figure S4) and AFM images (Figure S5). In particular the hybrid films deposited over FTO/glass have minimal grain boundaries [73] and a crack‐less surface of as large as 4×20 μm crystals.…”

“…Hybrid perovskite thin films are typically prepared by spin‐coating, which not only yields films with very small crystallite sizes, but its production is often limited to the use of a glovebox. In addition, while spray coating has been utilized on large‐scale substrates, excessive variables in the coating process such as droplet size, substrate wettability and solvent boiling point make it challenging,[ 53 , 54 ] as well as crystallization conditions for materials with large organic cations. [ 47 , 55 ] Solvent‐free techniques such as thermal co‐evaporation and high‐low vacuum deposition can produce high quality and pin‐hole free films with large crystallites due to achievement of a slower rate, however the demand of high vacuum makes them energy consuming and pricey,[ 22 , 56 ] and high deposition temperatures in vacuum‐based methods have a high requirement on thermal stability of precursors.…”

“…In addition, it allows deposition over large substrates of different nature and is compatible with large‐scale production. Hybrid lead halide perovskite films have been fabricated via AACVD and applied in PSCs successfully,[ 54 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ] but fabrication of bismuth‐based materials using AACVD has not been reported yet due to fewer studies on bismuth‐based film growth. In this study uniform and dense thin films of [PEA] 3 [Bi 2 I 9 ] with different morphologies were synthesized using AACVD over three types of substrates (glass, TiO 2 and FTO) and their optoelectrical properties were investigated.…”

Asymmetric Charge Carrier Transfer and Transport in Planar Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The AAS treatment enhances film crystallinity and reduces the presence of GBs. 51,52 Perovskite films were studied as single films on glass, with an ITO/PTPD underlayer, with a PCBM overlayer, or with both CTLs, where ITO is indium-doped tin oxide, PTPD is poly(N,N 0 -bis-4-butylphenyl-N,N 0 -bisphenyl) benzidine and PCBM is [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. TRPL measurements and a simple numerical model were employed to determine transfer and transport kinetics and the underlying electron and hole mobilities.…”

Luminescence and Structural Characteristics of Lead Halide Perovskite Films Deposited In Situ by a Versatile Multisource Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD) Method

“…[14] This method has been employed to synthesize a wide variety of materials, including metal oxides, [15] metal organic frameworks, [16] carbon nanotubes, [17] and so on. Metal-halide perovskites have also been successfully synthesized by a single-source AACVD, not only as films, [18,19,20] but also as powders by homogeneous reaction. [21] It is worth to highlight the differences between AACVD, wet spray deposition (SD) and dry aerosol deposition (AD) technologies for perovskite film fabrication.…”