Novel Trends in Electrochemical Biosensors for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Background. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the population over 65 years of age. It is becoming a global health and socioeconomic problem, and the current number of patients reaching 30–50 million people will be three times higher over the next thirty years. Objective. Late diagnosis caused by decades of the asymptomatic phase and invasive and cost-demanding diagnosis are problems that make the whole situation worse. Electrochemical biosensors could be the right tool for less invasive and inexpensive early diagnosis helping to reduce spend sources— both money and time. Method. This review is a survey of the latest advances in the design of electrochemical biosensors for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Biosensors are divided according to target biomarkers. Conclusion. Standard laboratory methodology could be improved by analyzing a combination of currently estimated markers along with neurotransmitters and genetic markers from blood samples, which make the test for AD diagnosis available to the wide public.

Advancements in Cerebrospinal Fluid Biosensors: Bridging the Gap from Early Diagnosis to the Detection of Rare Diseases

“…This biochemically modified sensor has the potential to be used as a detection sensor rather than the previously prepared sensors for β-amyloid detection [ 153 ]. However, β-amyloid is not the only biomarker that must be detected for an accurate diagnosis of central nervous system disease [ 154 ]. Tau protein also participates in the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain.…”

Advancing Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Paper-Based Aptasensor for Detecting Aβ(1-42) and p-tau181 from Plasma Using CdTe Quantum Dots

“…Furthermore, these screening techniques prove inefficient in early-stage detection even though their time-consuming process. In contrast, blood biomarkers offer the advantage of detecting AD at its early stages by accumulating p-tau181 and A𝛽(1-42) monomers [11].…”