Novel zeolite Na-X synthesized from fly ash as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production

Babajide, Omotola; Musyoka, Nicholas M.; Petrik, Leslie; Ameer, Farouk

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.044

Cited by 146 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Biodiesel production by solid base catalysts has been reported in recent years. These catalysts include molecular sieve solid base catalysts, such as NaeX [14] and CaO/NaY [15] molecular sieves, anion exchange resin catalyst [16,17], metal oxides, such as CaO$MgO and SrO [18e23], supported solid base catalyst [24e29], and resin-type solid base catalysts [30,31]. Among the solid base catalysts, CaO exhibits active catalytic performance, mild reaction conditions, readily available raw materials, low cost, non-corrosiveness, and high recyclability in transesterification reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production

et al. 2016

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a b s t r a c tMixed and ground activated snail shell and kaolin catalysts impregnated with KBr were investigated. The snail shell and kaolin were calcined, mixed, and ground prior to immersion with KBr solution and subsequent activation at 500 C for 3 h. The precursor and catalysts were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and BrunauereEmmetteTeller surface area. The catalytic performance of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol. The effects of various parameters on biodiesel yield were investigated. A biodiesel yield of 98.5% was achieved using the catalyst prepared by 40% KBr-immersed, mixed, and ground snail shell and kaolin, which were activated at 500 C. The transesterification conditions were as follows: reaction temperature, 65 C; reaction time, 2 h; methanol-to-soybean oil molar ratio, 6:1; and catalyst amount (relative to the weight of soybean oil), 2.0 wt%. The solid catalyst could be reused for four times, and biodiesel yield remained over 73.6% for the fourth time.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production

et al. 2016

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“…There is therefore a need to find suitable means of utilizing FA in order to address its environmental challenge. Reported utilization of FA includes as the replacement of clay in bricks [7], in road pavement [8], in waste management [9], in synthesis of zeolite [10] [11], as catalyst for biodiesel production [12] [13] and as fillers in polymers [2] [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of LDPE Reinforced with Calcium Carbonate—Fly Ash Hybrid Filler

Adeosun¹,

Usman²,

Akpan³

et al. 2014

JMMCE

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The synergetic effect of calcium carbonate (CC)-fly ash (FA) hybrid filler particles on the mechanical and physical properties of low density polyethylene (LDPE) has been investigated. Low density polyethylene is filled with varying weight percentages of FA and CC using melt casting. Composites are characterized for mechanical, thermal, microstructural and physical properties. Results show that the flexural strength increases with increases in FA content of the hybrid filler. It is evident from the study that to achieve optimum density a certain combination of both fillers need to be used. The optimum combination of CC and FA for a higher density (1.78 g/cm 3 ) is found to be at 20 wt% FA and 30 wt% CC. An increase of 7.27% in micro-hardness over virgin polyethylene is obtained in composites with 10 wt% FA and 40 wt% CC. The presence of higher amount of CC is seen to be detrimental to the crystallinity of composites. X-ray, FTIR and DSC results show that composite with 45 wt% CC and 5 wt% FA exhibits a typical triclinic polyethylene structure indicating that the composite is amorphous in nature. There was the synergy between FA and CC fillers on flexural strength and crystallinity of composite. However, the fillers show the antagonistic effect on energy at peak and micro-hardness.

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“…The major oxides in the South African Lethabo FA are SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and CaO, followed by Mg, Ti, and K (Table 2), which are representative of the typical composition of a South African FA obtained from combustion of the regional bituminous coal [24]. The present FA ash can be defined as Class F according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specification No.…”

Section: X-ray Fluorescence (Xrf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

New synthesis method for the production of coal fly ash-based foamed geopolymers

Böke

Birch

Nyale

et al. 2015

Construction and Building Materials

102

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Novel zeolite Na-X synthesized from fly ash as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production

Cited by 146 publications

References 30 publications

Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production

Mixed and ground KBr-impregnated calcined snail shell and kaolin as solid base catalysts for biodiesel production

Characterization of LDPE Reinforced with Calcium Carbonate—Fly Ash Hybrid Filler

New synthesis method for the production of coal fly ash-based foamed geopolymers

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