Now or Later? Attentional Processing and Intertemporal Choice

Franco‐Watkins, Ana M.; Mattson, Richard E.; Jackson, Marc David

doi:10.1002/bdm.1895

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…To study the influences of the different design factors, we used a standard intertemporal choice task, a value-based decision-making task that is well established in decision science (e.g., Cheng & González-Vallejo, 2017;Dai & Busemeyer, 2014;Franco-Watkins, Mattson, & Jackson, 2015). In this task, participants have to choose between two monetary rewards that are available at different time points, constituting a soon-small and a late-large option.…”

Section: Varieties In the Implementation Of Mouse-trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating mouse-tracking: How design factors influence action dynamics in intertemporal decision making

et al. 2019

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Mouse-tracking is an increasingly popular process-tracing method. It builds on the assumption that the continuity of cognitive processing leaks into the continuity of mouse movements. Because this assumption is the prerequisite for meaningful reverse inference, it is an important question whether the assumed interaction between continuous processing and movement might be influenced by the methodological setup of the measurement. Here we studied the impacts of three commonly occurring methodological variations on the quality of mouse-tracking measures, and hence, on the reported cognitive effects. We used a mouse-tracking version of a classical intertemporal choice task that had previously been used to examine the dynamics of temporal discounting and the date-delay effect (Dshemuchadse, Scherbaum, & Goschke, 2013). The data from this previous study also served as a benchmark condition in our experimental design. Between studies, we varied the starting procedure. Within the new study, we varied the response procedure and the stimulus position. The starting procedure had the strongest influence on common mouse-tracking measures, and therefore on the cognitive effects. The effects of the response procedure and the stimulus position were weaker and less pronounced. The results suggest that the methodological setup crucially influences the interaction between continuous processing and mouse movement. We conclude that the methodological setup is of high importance for the validity of mouse-tracking as a process-tracing method. Finally, we discuss the need for standardized mouse-tracking setups, for which we provide recommendations, and present two promising lines of research toward obtaining an evidence-based gold standard of mouse-tracking. Keywords Mouse-tracking. Action dynamics. Process-tracing. Boundary conditions. Intertemporal choice Decision science has experienced a paradigmatic shift evolving its focus, methods, and approaches from an outcomebased perspective toward a more process-oriented paradigm (Oppenheimer & Kelso, 2015). This process paradigm acknowledges the temporal nature of basic mental processes and, hence, builds theories of choice incorporating perceptual, attentional, memory, and decisional processes. To test these process explanations, process-tracing methods are required. In the last 60 years, decision scientists introduced a variety of process-tracing methods to the field-for example, verbal protocols (e.g., Ericson & Simon, 1984), eye tracking (e.g., Russo & Rosen, 1975), and most recently, mouse-tracking (e.g., Dale, Kehoe, & Spivey, 2007; Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005) (for an overview, please see Schulte-Mecklenbeck et al., 2017). Whenever scientists apply such process-tracing methods, they rely on specific prerequisites and core concepts in order to conduct the reverse inference (Poldrack, 2006): Reverse inference describes the reasoning by which the presence of a particular cognitive process is inferred from a pattern of neuroimaging or behavioral data (cf. Heit, 2015). One prerequi...

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Section: Varieties In the Implementation Of Mouse-trackingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating mouse-tracking: How design factors influence action dynamics in intertemporal decision making

et al. 2019

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“…Before data collection, we established a target sample size of 100 participants. No statistical methods were used to pre-determine sample sizes, but our sample sizes are larger than those reported in previous publications 31,34,83 . Because of a data collection error with a second unrelated task completed by the same participants, we collected additional participants who completed both tasks -leading to a final sample of 117 for this experiment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…While participants performed the task, we sampled their gaze position at high temporal resolution using eye-tracking, so that we could obtain real-time assessments of information processing in advance of each decision [28][29][30][31][32][33] . We examined not only the relative gaze bias between the SS and p. 4 LL options, which has been linked to overall patience in intertemporal choice 34 , but also the pattern of eye movements between elements in the display, which can reveal variation in decision heuristics across individuals 35,36 . Successful analyses in the primary sample determined which analyses were conducted in the replication sample -and all analyses are reported in this paper, regardless of replication success.…”

Section: Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amount and time exert independent influences on intertemporal choice

et al. 2019

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“…For example, application forms for loans could provide applicants with a temporally incongruent decision task. Finally, using eye tracking in the study of decision making provides insight into the underlying process (Weber & Johnson, 2009), and recently this method was efficiently used when investigating delay discounting and risky choice (Franco-Watkins, Mattson, & Jackson, 2016). Using such method would allow us to track the order and time individuals spent on considering particular choice options, and assess how differences in inspecting alternatives predict the strength of discounting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%