Nuclear envelopes: Structure and biochemistry of the nuclear envelope

doi:10.1098/rstb.1974.0016

Cited by 118 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 93 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…vesicles, without fusion, occurred in the presence of the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, ATP-v-S. Wilson and Newport (1988) have also shown that ER vesicles alone are not sufficient for NE assembly in egg extracts. On the other hand, the'NE membrane shares biochemical markers with the ER and is often continuous with it (Franke, 1974). Since lamin B also remains associated with the ER during mitosis in chick tissue culture cells (Stick et al, 1988), one would expect NE membrane proteins to copurify with ER proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In interphase, nuclear constituents are separated from the rest of the cell by the nuclear envelope (NE), t which consists of two membranes: an outer membrane which is continuous with the ER (Franke, 1974;Franke et ai., 1981), and an inner membrane which abuts the nuclear lamina that lies below it (Aebi et al, 1988). The nuclear lamina binds to chromatin, probably anchoring the interphase chromosomes to the NE (for review see Newport and Forbes, 1987;Gerace and Burke, 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A distinct vesicle population targets membranes and pore complexes to the nuclear envelope in Xenopus eggs.

Vigers

Lohka

1991

The Journal of Cell Biology

148

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Abstract. Extracts from Xenopus eggs capable of nuclear envelope assembly in vitro were fractionated by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Nuclear envelope assembly was found to require soluble components in the cytosol and two distinct particulate fractions, which we have called nuclear envelope precursor fractions A and B (NEP-A and NEP-B). Both NEP-A and NEP-B are sensitive to treatments with trypsin, sodium carbonate, and detergents, but can be distinguished from each other by their sensitivities to high salt and N-ethylmaleimide and by their levels of o~-glucosidase activity. Vesicles in NEP-B bind to chromatin, whereas those in NEP-A do not. NEP-B may therefore be involved in the targeting of membranes to the surface of the chromatin, whereas NEP-A may provide a pool of vesicles that contributes many of the nuclear envelope membranes. NEP-B may also play a role in the assembly of nuclear pore complexes because the density of nuclear pores in the resuiting envelope is dependent on the ratio of NEP-B to NEP-A in the reconstituted extract.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A distinct vesicle population targets membranes and pore complexes to the nuclear envelope in Xenopus eggs.

Vigers

Lohka

1991

The Journal of Cell Biology

148

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“…In fact, there is good evidence to indicate that certain defined features of the chromosomecentromeres, telomeres and constitutive heterochromatin-interact with the nuclear envelope in a very specific way (Comings, 1980). In particular, the centromeres and telomeres are thought to be attached to the nuclear envelope at fixed locations which are only disrupted during cell division (Franke, 1974). Even then, it has been shown that pieces of the nuclear envelope remain attached to the chromosomes (Stubblefield and Wray, 1971).…”

Section: Discussion (A) Karyotypic Variation Within the Hybrid Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation in the chromosomal structure of a hybrid zone and its relationship to karyotypic repatterning

et al. 1985

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A temporal analysis of the chromosomal structure of the hybrid zone in the grasshopper Caledia captive has revealed that, over a period of six generations, the position of the zone has remained unchanged when assessed in terms of chromosomal frequencies. In complete contrast however, chromosomal genotypic frequencies have changed dramatically and asymmetrically over the same period. The frequencies of chromosomal heterozygotes have been significantly reduced on one side of the zone accompanied by increases in the frequencies of homozygous metacentric chromosomes. These asymmetrical genotypic changes are also reflected in a complete reversal of the patterns of gametic disequilibria (Tr2) across the zone. It is proposed that undirectional selection has favoured a metacentric karyotype on one side of the zone during a major climatic change.The structure of the hybrid zone involves two major and independent features. First, as a secondary consequence of hybridisation, recombinational change in F1 hybrids disrupts the internal organisation within chromosomes. This results in the production of inviable F2 and backcross progeny and hence, explains the structure of the zone in terms of the sharp change in chromosomal frequencies. Secondly, the asymmetrical nature of the gametic disequilibria between chromosomes represents the direction of selection which favours an acrocentric Torresian karyotype in dry years and a metacentric Moreton karyotype during mesic years. Variation in both chromosome structure and embryonic weight is associated with the predictability of the environment. The acrocentric Torresian karyotype and its associated larger embryos are correlated with a univoltine life history in drier, unpredictable habitats. A similar pattern exists within the Moreton subspecies in the form of a chromosomal dine in S.E. Australia. At the southern limit of this dine the karyotype is totally acrocentric, the life history is univoltine and the embryos are the same weight as the Torresian.It is speculated that variation in chromosomal structure, in terms of the relationship between centromeres and telomeres, may provide a mechanism for altering cellular phenotype through changes in such factors as replication patterns or chromatin packaging which may act quite independently of the informational content of the chromosome.

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“…The nuclear volume drops slightly over a more than twofold increase in DNA content of flat (11) diploid cells in culture. The volume for spherical (O) nuclei of mammalian origin becomes larger with an increase in DNA content due to heteroploidy.…”

Section: Figure 14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative determination of nuclear pore complexes in cycling cells with differing DNA content

Maul¹,

Deaven²

1977

The Journal of Cell Biology

123

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The number of pore complexes per nucleus was determined for a wide variety of cultured cells selected for their variable DNA content over a range of 1-5,600. The pore number was compared to DNA content, nuclear surface area, and nuclear volume. Values for pore frequency (pores/square micrometer) were relatively constant in the species studied. When the pore to DNA ratio was plotted against the DNA content, there was a remarkable correlation which decreased exponentially for the cells of vertebrate origin. Exceptions were the heteroploid mammalian ceils which had the same ratio as the diploid mammalian cells despite higher DNA content.The results are interpreted to mean that neither the nuclear surface, the nuclear volume, nor the DNA content alone determines the pore number of the nucleus, but rather an as yet undetermined combination of different factors. The surface and the volume of vertebrate nuclei do not decrease with decreasing DNA content below a given value. The following speculation is suggested to account for the anomalous size changes of the nucleus relative to DNA content in vertebrates. Species with small DNA complements have a relatively large proportion of active chromatin which determines the limits of the physical parameters of the nucleus. The amount of active chromatin may be the same for at least the vertebrates with low DNA content. At high DNA content, the nuclear parameters may be determined by the relatively high proportion of inactive condensed chromatin which increases the nuclear surface and volume.The two membranes of the nuclear envelope are interrupted by nuclear pore complexes, the structure and possible function of which have been the subject of several reviews (9-13, 19, 20, 32, 35). These pore complexes could control the exchange of macromolecules between the two major compartments of the cell either by a change in total number of pores or by a selective filter mechanism. Feldherr (8) determined that gold particle size rather than pore frequency seemed to influence the exchange rate. Paine et al. (29) found that the pore complex has a patent radius of 45 and, therefore, allows free exchange of small molecules. No selective filter function other than pore size has been demonstrated up to now. An increase in the nuclear pore number, however, could be brought about experimentally in lymphocytes that had been stimulated with phytohemag- 748THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY-VOLUME 73, 1977" pages 748-760 on August 29, 2018 jcb.rupress.org Downloaded from http://doi.org/10. 1083/jcb.73.3.748 Published Online: 1 June, 1977 glutinin (PHA) (23,24), indicating a change in nuclear pore number during a change in metabolic activity. Also, the total pore number per nucleus doubled from a plateau in the G1 phase to the end of the cell cycle in HeLa cells, and the porevolume ratio stayed equal during this time (24). The question which arose from these observations is whether there is any relationship between the amount of DNA and the nuclear pore number and whether the volume or the sur...

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Nuclear envelopes: Structure and biochemistry of the nuclear envelope

Cited by 118 publications

References 93 publications

A distinct vesicle population targets membranes and pore complexes to the nuclear envelope in Xenopus eggs.

A distinct vesicle population targets membranes and pore complexes to the nuclear envelope in Xenopus eggs.

Temporal variation in the chromosomal structure of a hybrid zone and its relationship to karyotypic repatterning

Quantitative determination of nuclear pore complexes in cycling cells with differing DNA content

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