Nuclear Physics C. Nuclear Dynamics, Experimental

Livingston, M. Stanley; Bethe, Hans A.

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.9.245

Cited by 844 publications

(121 citation statements)

References 492 publications

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“…Because the transport is nonequilibrium in nature, calculated temperatures are not necessarily representative of measured temperatures. Nevertheless, a pseudo temperature can be calculated from the predicted energy by inverting (2) for the temperature in (4). Simulations show that the the melt radius when nonequilibrium transport is considered is roughly half that of the bulk approximation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of higher order effects not normally considered include nonuniform charge generation, secondary ionizing particle creation, nuclear reaction and spallation products, defect generation and cascade damage, nonequilibrium charge production, relativistic particle energies, thermalization, [3]. (The first presentation of this material should be credited to Livingston and Bethe [4].) In highly scaled devices, though, rare events and nonequilibrium effects that deviate from "average" can have significant consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phonon production and Nonequilibrium Transport from ion strikes

Walker

Weller

2004

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-Traditionally, prediction of the failure of microelectronic devices due to heavy ion strikes has involved an equilibrium charge production model and subsequent device simulation. However, this approximation has become inadequate for highly scaled devices both in terms of ionizing and nonionizing models. The present work considers nonequilibrium thermal generation and transport resulting from ion strikes, which augments existing models to account for localized heating effects. Using an linear energy transfer model for phonon generation and a Monte Carlo approach to solve for the transport, the nonequilibrium thermal energy distribution is calculated. The resulting energy distribution is correlated to damage cascades, amorphous areas surrounding strike paths and melt regions. Further, the resulting temperature rises can be coupled to device simulations for devices experiencing ion strikes.Index Terms-Linear energy transfer (LET) model, monte carlo approach, phonon generation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonon production and Nonequilibrium Transport from ion strikes

Walker

Weller

2004

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…The range of both these groups is greater than th at to be expected for a-particles from the reaction A40 + H 1 -» Cl37 4-He4 for which the release of energy calculated from the masses (Livingston & Bethe 1937) is 1*28 MeV. We therefore suggest th at they are due to the inelastic scattering The exposures for these experiments were made by filling the camera with the vapours of CHC13 and CH3Br.…”

Section: E X P E R I M E N T S W I T H a R G O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

The scattering of 4·2 MeV protons by deuterium, helium and other light elements

1947

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A

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“…In 1936 and 1937, Hans Bethe wrote a series of three articles on Nuclear Physics dealing with stationary states of nuclei, nuclear dynamics -theoretical and nuclear dynamics -experimental. In the later article 38 , Bethe and Stanley Livingston presented tables of reactions and a table of induced radioactivities. In the radioactivity table, they listed nuclide, half-life, radiation and energy, method of production and the references.…”

Section: Decay Data Tables and Chartsmentioning

confidence: 99%