Nuclear size control in fission yeast

Neumann, Frank; Nurse, Paul

doi:10.1083/jcb.200708054

Cited by 366 publications

(491 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The larger myonuclear size in hypertrophied satellite cell-depleted fibers is similar to what has been reported in growing yeast, in which nuclei adjust their size to maintain a roughly constant ratio between nuclear and cell volume, termed the 'karyoplasmic ratio' (Jorgensen et al, 2007;Neumann and Nurse, 2007).…”

Section: Research Articlesupporting

confidence: 63%

Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle

et al. 2011

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SUMMARYAn important unresolved question in skeletal muscle plasticity is whether satellite cells are necessary for muscle fiber hypertrophy. To address this issue, a novel mouse strain (Pax7-DTA) was created which enabled the conditional ablation of >90% of satellite cells in mature skeletal muscle following tamoxifen administration. To test the hypothesis that satellite cells are necessary for skeletal muscle hypertrophy, the plantaris muscle of adult Pax7-DTA mice was subjected to mechanical overload by surgical removal of the synergist muscle. Following two weeks of overload, satellite cell-depleted muscle showed the same increases in muscle mass (approximately twofold) and fiber cross-sectional area with hypertrophy as observed in the vehicle-treated group. The typical increase in myonuclei with hypertrophy was absent in satellite cell-depleted fibers, resulting in expansion of the myonuclear domain. Consistent with lack of nuclear addition to enlarged fibers, long-term BrdU labeling showed a significant reduction in the number of BrdU-positive myonuclei in satellite cell-depleted muscle compared with vehicle-treated muscle. Single fiber functional analyses showed no difference in specific force, Ca 2+ sensitivity, rate of cross-bridge cycling and cooperativity between hypertrophied fibers from vehicle and tamoxifen-treated groups. Although a small component of the hypertrophic response, both fiber hyperplasia and regeneration were significantly blunted following satellite cell depletion, indicating a distinct requirement for satellite cells during these processes. These results provide convincing evidence that skeletal muscle fibers are capable of mounting a robust hypertrophic response to mechanical overload that is not dependent on satellite cells.

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Section: Research Articlesupporting

confidence: 63%

Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle

et al. 2011

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“…3 B and C). Because in Arabidopsis shoot apices G1, S, and G2, phases have been reported to last for ∼50%, ∼25%, and ∼15% of the cell cycle (42), our data imply that nuclei grow through each of these phases, as in other organisms (43,44). Following an asymmetrical division, the small daughter grew at a faster rate per unit size than the large daughter …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Cell size and growth regulation in the Arabidopsis thaliana apical stem cell niche

Willis

Refahi

Wightman

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

185

217

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Cell size and growth kinetics are fundamental cellular properties with important physiological implications. Classical studies on yeast, and recently on bacteria, have identified rules for cell size regulation in single cells, but in the more complex environment of multicellular tissues, data have been lacking. In this study, to characterize cell size and growth regulation in a multicellular context, we developed a 4D imaging pipeline and applied it to track and quantify epidermal cells over 3-4 d in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristems. We found that a cell size checkpoint is not the trigger for G2/M or cytokinesis, refuting the unexamined assumption that meristematic cells trigger cell cycle phases upon reaching a critical size. Our data also rule out models in which cells undergo G2/M at a fixed time after birth, or by adding a critical size increment between G2/M transitions. Rather, cell size regulation was intermediate between the critical size and critical increment paradigms, meaning that cell size fluctuations decay by ∼75% in one generation compared with 100% (critical size) and 50% (critical increment). Notably, this behavior was independent of local cell-cell contact topologies and of position within the tissue. Cells grew exponentially throughout the first >80% of the cell cycle, but following an asymmetrical division, the small daughter grew at a faster exponential rate than the large daughter, an observation that potentially challenges present models of growth regulation. These growth and division behaviors place strong constraints on quantitative mechanistic descriptions of the cell cycle and growth control.cell size | cell growth | cell cycle | homeostasis | plant stem cells H ow cells coordinate growth and division to achieve a particular cell size remains a fundamental question in biology. Our understanding of this basic property of cells is limited, in part, by the lack of quantitative data on cellular growth and size kinetics over multiple generations, especially in higher eukaryotes (1). Classical studies of cell size homeostasis focused on whether division occurred upon reaching a critical size or after a fixed time period has elapsed (2, 3). However, time-lapse studies of single-celled organisms spanning a range of bacteria (4-7) and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8) have recently indicated that cell size is regulated by the addition of a fixed volume increment between divisions. Identification of the size regulation behavior constrains the set of feasible molecular scenarios for how growth and division are coordinated with the cell cycle (8-10). In multicellular tissues, the loss of growth and division/cell cycle coordination could have an impact on the organism's development, yet, to the best of our knowledge, cell growth and size kinetics have never before been measured over generations in a tissue context. The experimental challenges are particularly acute because interdivision times are often on the order of tens of hours, cells have a diversity of shapes necessitating di...

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“…31,32 Thus, our finding that nuclear growth does not depend on Cdk activity and is independent of the cellular DNA content may be universal in eukaryotes. The Ras/Erk pathway is not well conserved in the budding yeast; in fission yeast, there are three pathways (Ras1-Spk1/Pmk1-MAPK/Sty1/Spc1/ Phh1-SAPK), which are equivalent or related to Ras/Erk signaling in mammalian cells.…”

Section: Npc Formation Nuclear Growth and Tumor Cellsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Nuclear size, nuclear pore number and cell cycle

Maeshima

Iino

Hihara

et al. 2011

Nucleus

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In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is a complex and sophisticated organelle containing genomic DNA and supports essential cellular activities. Its surface contains many nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), channels for macromolecular transport between the cytoplasm and nucleus. It has been observed that the nuclear volume and the number of NPCs almost doubles during interphase in dividing cells, but the coordination of these events with the cell cycle was poorly understood, particularly in mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that cyclin-dependent protein kinases (Cdks) control interphase NPC formation in dividing human cells. Cdks drive the very early step of NPC formation because Cdk inhibition suppressed the generation of "nascent pores," which are considered to be immature NPCs, and disturbed expression and localization of some nucleoporins. Cdk inhibition did not affect nuclear volume, suggesting that these two processes have distinct regulatory mechanisms in the cell cycle. The details of our experimental systems and finding are discussed in more depth. With new findings recently reported, we also discuss possible molecular mechanisms of interphase NPC formation.

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Nuclear size control in fission yeast

Cited by 366 publications

References 30 publications

Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle

Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle

Cell size and growth regulation in the Arabidopsis thaliana apical stem cell niche

Nuclear size, nuclear pore number and cell cycle

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