Nucleation and Growth of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles in Ultrathin Polymer Films by Layer-by-Layer Polyionic Assemblies

Çetinkaya, Sevil; Zhou, Qian; Zhang, Shuangjian; Mohebi, Ashkon; Quach, Dat V.; Stroeve, Pieter

doi:10.4236/snl.2011.12006

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…ZnS nucleation in solution is common for semiconductor studies (e.g. Tiemann et al 2005;Senthilkumaar & Selvi 2009;Cetinkaya et al 2011), but we did not find any work investigating ZnS formation in the gas phase. In all, while there are no shortage of experiments focusing on some aspect of KCl and ZnS formation, there are none that can be directly applied to exoplanets.…”

Section: Hazes and High K Zz 'Smentioning

confidence: 68%

Microphysics of KCl and ZnS Clouds on GJ 1214 b

Gao

Benneke

2018

ApJ

106

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Clouds in the atmospheres of exoplanets confound characterization efforts by reducing, eliminating, and distorting spectral signatures of molecular abundances. As such, interpretations of exoplanet spectra strongly depend on the choice of cloud model, many of which are highly simplified and lack predictive power. In this work, we use a cloud model that treat microphysical processes to simulate potassium chloride (KCl) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) clouds in the atmosphere of the super Earth GJ 1214 b and how they vary as a function of the strength of vertical mixing and the atmospheric metallicity. Microphysical processes control the size and spatial distribution of cloud particles, allowing for the computation of more physical cloud distributions than simpler models. We find that the mass and opacity of KCl clouds increase with mixing strength and metallicity, with the particle size and spatial distribution defined by nucleation, condensation, evaporation, and transport timescales. ZnS clouds cannot form without the presence of condensation nuclei, while heterogeneous nucleation of ZnS on KCl reduces particle sizes compared to pure KCl cases. In order to explain the flat transmission spectrum of GJ 1214b with homogeneously nucleated KCl clouds, the atmospheric metallicity must be at least 1000 × solar, and the eddy diffusivity must be at least 10 10 cm 2 s −1 . We predict that JWST observations of GJ 1214 b may reveal the presence of methane, carbon monoxide, and water, allowing for constraints to be placed on atmospheric metallicity and C/O ratio.

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Section: Hazes and High K Zz 'Smentioning

confidence: 68%