Nucleation and Self‐Nucleation of Bio‐Based Poly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) Probed by Fast Scanning Calorimetry

Abstract

The present work focuses on the influence of nucleation processes on the crystallization of bio‐based poly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) (PEF). Nuclei formation has been studied by means of fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) both when cooling from the melt (nonisothermal conditions) and when annealing at either low‐ or high‐temperatures (isothermal conditions). FSC results show that nucleation on cooling can be prevented by using fast rates allowing to keep the polymer in its amorphous state; whereas cooling at moderate rates results in sample nucleation with a subsequent increase of the crystallization rate. Isothermal pretreatment just above the PEF glass transition temperature (Tg) results in nuclei formation whose rate decreases when the nucleation temperature approaches PEF Tg. On the other hand, annealing below the PEF melting point allows determination of the sample self‐nucleation behavior which occurs in a very narrow temperature range, i.e., between 195 and 198 °C.

Comparative Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of PEF and PET Uniaxial Stretching Based on the Time/Temperature Superposition Principle

“…On the contrary, the melting occurs from 130 • C which means that seemingly some nucleation can develop during the isotherms. The results are in agreement with the investigation of Martino et al that demonstrated the formation of PEF crystals when exceeding annealing time of 1500 s and 3000 s at, respectively, 130 • C and 120 • C [46]. In conclusion, the static crystallisation is negligible in PEF up to 120 • C, whatever the test durations are.…”

Biobased poly(ethylene furanoate-co-ethylene succinate) copolyesters: solid state structure, melting point depression and biodegradability

“…For PEF it was found that appearance of multiple melting depends on the crystallization temperature 56,68,69 . Sbirrazzuoli and coworkers have reported that the multiple melting of PEF occurs due to recrystallization during heating and not due to the different distributions of lamellar thickness of the material 70 . Figure 6a T c .…”

A Perspective on PEF Synthesis, Properties, and End-Life

“…On the other hand, a change in the kinetic regime of the melt crystallization is highlighted for T < 170°C which can be attributed to the appearance of the α′-form in this temperature range (Codou et al, 2014 ). Finally, in the work of Martino et al ( 2016a ) a very tiny self-nucleation temperature range between 195 and 198°C, allowing the crystallization rate of PEF to increase significantly, has been identified.…”