Nucleation, non-stoiquiometry and sensing muscles from conducting polymers

Otero, Toribio F.; Boyano, Iker; Cortés, María Teresa González; Vázquez, G

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2004.01.085

Cited by 63 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…26 When the potential was switched off at an intermediate time the film starts an internal transformation: the oxidized nuclei move from black to green (partial reduction variation) and the yellow reduced parts become green (partial oxidation variation) (Fig. 4) All those sentences can be repeated for n-doping processes adding now the new aspect of the cation trapping effect that require high anodic overpotentials for reversing the film composition.…”

Section: Giant Non-stoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 12.1.1 Dual Sensing-Actuators: Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles. Equation (17) states that the evolution of the muscle potential during actuation is affected, as obtained empirically 26,108,121,122,124,[129][130][131][132][133] by the electrolyte concentration, the temperature, any mechanical variable acting on the volume variation (trailed weights, obstacles, pressure) and frequency. Driven by a constant current, the potential of the muscle (and the consumed electrical energy) during the description of the same angular amplitude every time, that is, from Figs.…”

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

131

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Electro-generations of conducting polymers are fast processes through a complex mechanism of parallel reactions giving mixed materials. The films are three-dimensional electrochemical reactors: reactive macromolecules, ions, and solvent. The film composition and its related properties reviewed here change by oxidation/reduction along several orders of magnitude under control. One reaction shifts different properties (multifunctionality). In one device several reaction driven tools, actuators and sensor, work simultaneously (full integration

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Section: Giant Non-stoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

131

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“…Since these elements have the property of forming at the lowest energy-cost position [144][145][146], spontaneous homogeneous nucleation can generally be precipitated on one side of a substrate as it is, affected by gravity during the heat or photopolymerization process or by electrical adsorption. Therefore, when the conductive polymer nuclei are formed and synthesized at the lowest energy cost, the process is necessary to grow a continuous long polymer chain homogeneously to form a conductive film [147]. It is usually difficult to maintain the consistency of a structure when generating an interpenetrating network between a conductive polymer and a hydrogel [146].…”

Section: In Situ Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications

Min¹,

Koh²

2018

Preprint

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In the field of tissue engineering, conductive hydrogels have been the most effective biomaterials to mimic the biological and electrical properties of tissues in the human body. The main advantages of conductive hydrogel include not only its physical properties, but also its adequate electrical properties, thus providing electrical signals to cells efficiently. However, when introducing a conductive material into a non-conductive hydrogel, a conflicting relationship between the electrical and mechanical properties may develop. This review examines the strengths and weaknesses of the generation of conductive hydrogels using various conductive materials and introduces the use of these conductive hydrogels in tissue engineering applications.

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“…The stretched exponential functions have been used for long time in physical and biological science to adjust responses from systems having a distribution of relaxation times due to different local environments, local orders, or comprising different molecular or structural lengths or dimensions (Lee et al, 2001;Otero and Boyano, 2003;Otero et al, 2004a;Funston et al, 2007;Lin et al, 2008;Otero and Martinez, 2011).…”

Section: Relaxation Processes In Cntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faradaic and Capacitive Components of the CNT Electrochemical Responses

2016

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The nature of the electrochemical responses from carbon nanotubes (CNTs), capacitive (physical), or Faradaic (chemical, also named p-doping or n-doping) remain controversial. In this chapter, the literature is reviewed and discussed trying to elucidate if some of the two processes prevails, how the presence of chemical reactions can be elucidated and which properties, specific from the chemical processes, can be exploited. Different electrochemical responses and theories trying to explain those responses are discussed. The separation and quantification methodologies of the capacitive and Faradaic components involved in some electrochemical responses from CNTs are presented.

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Nucleation, non-stoiquiometry and sensing muscles from conducting polymers

Cited by 63 publications

References 31 publications

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Incorporation of Conductive Materials into Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications

Faradaic and Capacitive Components of the CNT Electrochemical Responses

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