We identified a gene of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) that encodes a small cysteine-rich polypeptide which has size and sequence similarity to omega-conotoxins, a class of calcium ion (Ca2") channel inhibitors, found in the venom of cone snails. Transcriptional analysis indicated that the 159-bp open reading frame, which we named cdl, and a downstream 984-bp open reading frame are transcribed as a single 1.3-kb bicistronic late RNA. The mature ctl gene product was identified as a small secreted protein by high-pressure liquid chromatography fractionation of extraceliular fluid. Viruses with a site-specific deletion in ctl appeared normal with regard to the kinetics and virulence of infection, both in vitro and in vivo. Although we studied the behavior of wild-type and mutant virus-infected insects in some detail, a biological role for ctl in AcMNPV infection remains to be established. * Corresponding author. that the gene product is a small, secreted peptide. The gene is not required for viral infection or replication in vitro or in vivo. We did not observe any difference in the behavior or development of wild-type (wt) or mutant virus-infected insects, and the biological function of ctl remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells and virus. AcMNPV Li (24) was propagated in Spodoptera frugiperda IPLB-SF21 cells (51) as previously described (29). The cells were maintained at 27°C in TC100 medium (GIBCO/BRL, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 0.26% tryptose broth. RNA isolation. Total RNA was isolated by the guanidinium isothiocyanate method (14) from wt-or AcAINPV-infected SF21 cells. Virus (20 PFU per cell) was allowed to adsorb to cells (107/100-mm plate) for 1 h at room temperature before