Nucleus Laminaris

Sanchez, Jason Tait; Wang, Yuan; Lu, Yilong; Burger, R. Michael; Seidl, Armin H.; Rubel, Edwin W.

doi:10.1093/med/9780190636111.003.0036

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…27 These NMDA receptors generate EPSCs with slow kinetics. 84,85 Therefore, it is plausible that NMc neurons adopt specialized K V and Na V channel properties for preserving information contained in slow input, which might eventually be important for processing low-frequency sound. This is in stark contrast to mid- to high-frequency NM neurons, which do not favor input convergence, 29 and thus, their intrinsic properties filter out the slow rising depolarization, in order for optimal response to abrupt depolarization.…”

Section: Tonotopic Heterogeneity Of Kv and Nav Channels In Nmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for Speed and Precision: Structural and Functional Specialization in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Avian Auditory System

Hong

Sanchez

2018

J Exp Neurosci

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Birds such as the barn owl and zebra finch are known for their remarkable hearing abilities that are critical for survival, communication, and vocal learning functions. A key to achieving these hearing abilities is the speed and precision required for the temporal coding of sound—a process heavily dependent on the structural, synaptic, and intrinsic specializations in the avian auditory brainstem. Here, we review recent work from us and others focusing on the specialization of neurons in the chicken cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM)—a first-order auditory brainstem structure analogous to bushy cells in the mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Similar to their mammalian counterpart, NM neurons are mostly adendritic and receive auditory nerve input through large axosomatic endbulb of Held synapses. Axonal projections from NM neurons to their downstream auditory targets are sophisticatedly programmed regarding their length, caliber, myelination, and conduction velocity. Specialized voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channel properties also play important and unique roles in shaping the functional phenotype of NM neurons. Working synergistically with potassium channels, an atypical current known as resurgent sodium current promotes rapid and precise action potential firing for NM neurons. Interestingly, these structural and functional specializations vary dramatically along the tonotopic axis and suggest a plethora of encoding strategies for sounds of different acoustic frequencies, mechanisms likely shared across species.

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Section: Tonotopic Heterogeneity Of Kv and Nav Channels In Nmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for Speed and Precision: Structural and Functional Specialization in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Avian Auditory System

Hong

Sanchez

2018

J Exp Neurosci

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“…NM neurons receive temporally locked excitation from the auditory ganglion neurons in the inner ear, and in turn, send bilaterally segregated signals to the NL. Like the mammalian MSO, bipolar neurons in the avian NL are specialized to compute ITD for sound localization and segregation [197,198]. Structure and physiological properties of developing and mature NM and NL neurons are well-characterized (e.g., [199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210]), providing an enormous advantage for designing experiments and interpreting results.…”

Section: Chicken Embryos Are a Useful Model Organism For In-depth Dis...mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Animal Models for Understanding FMRP Functions and FXS Pathology

Curnow

Wang

2022

Cells

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Fragile X encompasses a range of genetic conditions, all of which result as a function of changes within the FMR1 gene and abnormal production and/or expression of the FMR1 gene products. Individuals with Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common heritable form of intellectual disability, have a full-mutation sequence (>200 CGG repeats) which brings about transcriptional silencing of FMR1 and loss of FMR protein (FMRP). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of FXS, safe, effective, and reliable treatments that either prevent or reduce the severity of the FXS phenotype have not been approved. While current FXS animal models contribute their own unique understanding to the molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral deficits associated with FXS, no single animal model is able to fully recreate the FXS phenotype. This review will describe the status and rationale in the development, validation, and utility of three emerging animal model systems for FXS, namely the nonhuman primate (NHP), Mongolian gerbil, and chicken. These developing animal models will provide a sophisticated resource in which the deficits in complex functions of perception, action, and cognition in the human disorder are accurately reflected and aid in the successful translation of novel therapeutics and interventions to the clinic setting.

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“…Several developmental events on postsynaptic neurons also follow this pattern, and these events are thought to facilitate neuronal responses to their characterized frequencies during both development and maturation. These events include sound frequency‐dependent distribution of potassium channels and their conductance and coupling with Ca 2+ (Adachi et al., 2019; Fukui & Ohmori, 2004; Leao et al., 2006; Li et al., 2001), neuronal modulation by group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) (Goel et al., 2020), postsynaptic localization of scaffold proteins (Goyer et al., 2015), and dendritic arborization patterns (Sanchez et al., 2017; Sanes et al., 1990; Smith & Rubel, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tonotopic differentiation of presynaptic neurotransmitter‐releasing machinery in the auditory brainstem during the prehearing period and its selective deficits in Fmr1 knockout mice

Wang

2022

J of Comparative Neurology

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Tonotopic organization is a fundamental feature of the auditory system. In the developing auditory brainstem, the ontogeny and maturation of neurotransmission progress from high to low frequencies along the tonotopic axis. To explore the underlying mechanism of this tonotopic development, we aim to determine whether the presynaptic machinery responsible for neurotransmitter release is tonotopically differentiated during development. In the current study, we examined vesicular neurotransmitter transporters and calcium sensors, two central players responsible for loading neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles and for triggering neurotransmitter release in a calcium-dependent manner, respectively. Using immunocytochemistry, we characterized the distribution patterns of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1 and 2, vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (VGAT), and calcium sensor synaptotagmin (Syt) 1 and 2 in the developing mouse medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). We identified tonotopic gradients of VGLUT1, VGAT, Syt1, and Syt2 in the first postnatal week, with higher protein densities in the more medial (highfrequency) portion of the MNTB. These gradients gradually flattened before the onset of hearing. In contrast, VGLUT2 was distributed relatively uniformly along the tonotopic axis during this prehearing period. In mice lacking Fragile X mental retardation protein, an mRNA-binding protein that regulates synaptic development and plasticity, progress to achieve the mature-like organization was altered for VGLUT1, Syt1, and Syt2, but not for VGAT. Together, our results identified novel organization patterns of selective presynaptic proteins in immature auditory synapses, providing a potential mechanism that may contribute to tonotopic differentiation of neurotransmission during normal and abnormal development.

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Nucleus Laminaris

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Need for Speed and Precision: Structural and Functional Specialization in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Avian Auditory System

Need for Speed and Precision: Structural and Functional Specialization in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Avian Auditory System

New Animal Models for Understanding FMRP Functions and FXS Pathology

Tonotopic differentiation of presynaptic neurotransmitter‐releasing machinery in the auditory brainstem during the prehearing period and its selective deficits in Fmr1 knockout mice

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