Nuevas movilidades en América Latina: la migración venezolana en contextos de crisis y las respuestas en la región

Abstract

El inusitado colapso político, económico y social de Venezuela devino en una migración masiva e inesperada, que se dirigió principalmente a países de América Latina. Este artículo indaga cómo, al amparo de los marcos jurídicos vigentes, se producen los procesos de incorporación de esta población que huye desde una crisis humanitaria hacia diversos países de la región latinoamericana. Algunos de ellos con marcos normativos de impronta progresista y más consolidados, mientras otros en una etapa en transición o de rezago, pero en la mayoría de los casos, se trata de países con poca o nula experiencia de acogida de migración. Se analiza evidencia que combina la revisión de leyes, políticas migratorias y medidas ad hoc diseñadas para responder a la migración venezolana, junto con los resultados de una investigación de corte cualitativo, basada en más de 200 entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas migrantes recientes en once países latinoamericanos. Los principales resultados dan cuenta de un gradiente que va desde la desprotección a la seguridad jurídica. Este gradiente abarca la improvisación de instrumentos coyunturales, dentro de los que se encuentran las respuestas de Colombia, Chile, Perú o Brasil, y la implementación de marcos normativos más consolidados -México, Uruguay, Argentina-, que han entendido a la migración con una orientación hacia el enfoque de derechos.

Towards a typology of social protection for migrants and refugees in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…The migration dynamics of most Latin American countries have undergone substantial transformations over the past 20 years. Traditionally an emigration region, Latin America is increasingly becoming a transit and destination area, mainly as a result of the tightening of migration policies and the deterioration of employment markets in traditional destinations (Gandini et al, 2020b ). In parallel with this reconfiguration of flows, changes have been made to the migration frameworks of virtually all countries, to include a human rights perspective and the Cartagena refugee protection framework (Acosta, 2018 ; Jubilut et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The pandemic also hit the region in the midst of one of the largest human displacements in its recent history, with the number of people displaced across borders growing by 400% in the last decade (UNHCR, 2020 ). States responses to this increased mobility have been characterised by the adoption of multiple ad-hoc and temporary measures to manage migration (Acosta et al, 2019 ; Gandini et al, 2019 , 2020b ), producing migrant irregularity (Thayer, 2019 ) and triggering increasing levels of xenophobia across the region (Freier & Vera Espinoza, 2021 ). This ad-hoc approach to migration governance has been accompanied by a myriad of social protection actions on the part of the state, International Organisations (IOs) and Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) intended to cope with the emergency, leaving little room for the long-term inclusion of migrants beyond an epistemology of exceptionalism (Menjivar et al, 2019 ; Mountz, 2020 ).…”

A Bifactor Model of Subjective Well-Being at Personal, Community, and Country Levels: A Case With Three Latin-American Countries

“…The main objective of this study was to evaluate the SWB structural model, considering the individual (PWI-A), community (CWI), and national (NWI) levels as factors, as a more comprehensive measure. Overall, the results support that SWB is better analyzed as a complex construct, considering different sources of information at different levels (Bronfenbrenner, 1992;Gallagher et al, 2009;Jovanović, 2015). Four models were tested to know the relationship between the three scales or factors and determine which one best summarized its factor structure.…”

“…In fact, this dissatisfaction can be observed on each of the scales' scores across the three countries—consistently, the lowest scores were observed at the national level, followed by the community level—finally, the personal level with values above the theoretical mean of the scale. In addition, the lowest scores were observed in Venezuela—the country that for several years has been experiencing a severe social, economic, and political crisis, resulting in generalized unrest and subsequent massive migration, mainly to other Latin American countries, a phenomenon associated with a feeling of constant lack of protection (Gandini et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Importantly, the previous research has mainly focused on the individual level of well-being, ignoring issues at broader social levels. In order to overcome these limitations, the need for more comprehensive approaches to SWB has been emphasized (Ryan and Deci, 2001;Gallagher et al, 2009;Serban-Oprescu et al, 2019). In addition, different measures have been proposed, aiming to include additional complementary measures to capture the social aspects of SWB (Cummins, 2014).…”