leavers with the basic skills of arithmetic, and so numeracy is regarded as a subset of mathematics. At the other extreme, it is argued that the teaching of numeracy should address the political dimensions of mathematics and its uses in society, so that learners are supported in becoming critical citizens. Papers in this special edition provide key readings and insights into different positions in this debate.Many of the papers draw on the model developed by Goos, Geiger, and Dole (2014) that examines elements of contexts, tools, dispositions, and mathematical knowledge, embedded within what the authors call a critical orientation. Indeed, being, or becoming critical is a thread that runs through the papers here and provides the main theme for this commentary. I then also consider briefly some issues surrounding the nature of contexts for developing numeracy and how the writers here address the issue of dispositions. In doing so my primary aim is to raise questions for debate and further conversation.
Becoming criticalWhile parts of the education community cling to the 'number sense' and 'basic arithmetic' view of numeracy, there is a substantial body of work that argues that numeracy education needs to go beyond the basic skills model and to engage learners in thinking critically about how mathematics is used, the power that mathematics has (or how it is used by those in power), and to question the status quo (Frankenstein 1989;Mellin-Olsen 1997). Rather than seeing numeracy as a neutral set of skills, developing critical numeracy is seen as an important part of teaching for social justice. Gutstein (2003), for example, explores how to use real-world projects in school to promote equity and to develop students' use of mathematics. Such Abstract Many of the papers in this special issue draw on the fundamental model of numeracy developed by Goos et al. (Transforming mathematics instruction: multiple approaches and practices. 81-102, 2014). Four elements in that model-contexts, tools, dispositions, and mathematical knowledge-are embedded within a critical orientation, and being, or becoming critical is a thread that runs through the papers in this issue and provides the main theme for this commentary. I also consider briefly some issues surrounding the nature of contexts for developing numeracy and the nature of dispositions. Questions for the debate are raised with the hope that this prompts further conversation.