Numerical analysis and validation of spray distributions disturbed by quad-rotor drone wake at different flight speeds

Wen, Sheng; Han, Jie; Ning, Zhihua; Lan, Yubin; Yin, Xuanchun; Zhang, Jiantao; Ge, Yufeng

doi:10.1016/j.compag.2019.105036

Cited by 76 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Since the drone arms are often the most common locations for lifting the aircraft by the ground crew, wearing proper personal protection equipment (PPE) is important. It is also important to note that mitigating the risk of airborne drift and operator exposures remains a top priority for aerial, and all application operations 14,24,25 . These data, although only from a single trial, are encouraging indications that minimal aircraft contamination and spray interference may be achievable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It is also important to note that mitigating the risk of airborne drift and operator exposures remains a top priority for aerial, and all application operations. 14,24,25 These data, although only from a single trial, are encouraging indications that minimal aircraft contamination and spray interference may be achievable.…”

Section: Active Ingredient Recovery On the Aircraftmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection

Giles

Niederholzer³

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), a new method of application to deliver pesticides, is rapidly being adopted for commercial use in crop protection in East Asia with increasing worldwide interest. Pest control in mature almond orchards with dense foliar canopies presents greater coverage challenges than field crops and smaller orchard or vineyard crops. We investigated the use of an electric hexacopter to provide acceptable spray deposition and canopy penetration to be considered credible for use in an almond pest control program. RESULTS: The performance of the aerial and ground methods at different spray volumes were compared by analyzing spray deposition on water sensitive papers, insecticide residues on filter papers and residues on whole unhulled almonds at three canopy elevations. Overall residue levels of chlorantraniliprole insecticide on whole unhulled almonds across all pooled canopy strata were similar between UAV applied at 46.8 L/ha and 93.5 L/ha and the comparative air blast sprayer treatments applied at 935 L/ha. However, significant interactions between canopy elevation and spray method showed distinct residue patterns between the two application methods. Penetration and spray deposition at the lower canopy were observed and validated for the UAV application. Pest efficacy was evaluated by measuring nut damage at harvest. CONCLUSION: This study presents promising data that support the potential innovative integration of UAV's into crop protection programs for large canopy crops such as almonds and may guide future research for developing relevant label recommendations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Active Ingredient Recovery On the Aircraftmentioning

confidence: 96%

Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection

Giles

Niederholzer³

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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show abstract

“…Notice that pesticide droplets drift toward the opposite of UAV flight direction. For a M234-AT model quadrotor fitted with a pressure nozzle made by Lechler GmbH (Metzingen, Germany), the relationship between the drift and the distance behind the UAV, given that the nozzle position is 0.5 m, the distance between nozzles is 0.25 m, the flight height is 1.5 m, and the flight speed 6 m/s, can be expressed as [ 38 ]:

where

represents the percentage of the drift behind the UAV to the total drift, in percentage;

represents the distance to the rear of the fuselage, in meters. Furthermore, Equation (8) can be rewritten as:

…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

WSN-Assisted UAV Trajectory Adjustment for Pesticide Drift Control

Tuan

Yang

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been widely applied for pesticide spraying as they have high efficiency and operational flexibility. However, the pesticide droplet drift caused by wind may decrease the pesticide spraying efficiency and pollute the environment. A precision spraying system based on an airborne meteorological monitoring platform on manned agricultural aircrafts is not adaptable for. So far, there is no better solution for controlling droplet drift outside the target area caused by wind, especially by wind gusts. In this regard, a UAV trajectory adjustment system based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for pesticide drift control was proposed in this research. By collecting data from ground WSN, the UAV utilizes the wind speed and wind direction as inputs to autonomously adjust its trajectory for keeping droplet deposition in the target spraying area. Two optimized algorithms, namely deep reinforcement learning and particle swarm optimization, were applied to generate the newly modified flight route. At the same time, a simplified pesticide droplet drift model that includes wind speed and wind direction as parameters was developed and adopted to simulate and compute the drift distance of pesticide droplets. Moreover, an LSTM-based wind speed prediction model and a RNN-based wind direction prediction model were established, so as to address the problem of missing the latest wind data caused by communication latency or a lack of connection with the ground nodes. Finally, experiments were carried out to test the communication latency between UAV and ground WSN, and to evaluate the proposed scheme with embedded Raspberry Pi boards in UAV for feasibility verification. Results show that the WSN-assisted UAV trajectory adjustment system is capable of providing a better performance of on-target droplet deposition for real time pesticide spraying with UAV.

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“…If hover extends for a significant fraction of the mission duration, hover efficiency becomes a key vehicle characteristic that must be carefully addressed. Since rotor wakes will produce the phenomena of distortion, winding and crushing due to the induction between wakes, which affects the aerodynamic performance of the quadrotor aircraft, therefore, appropriate rotor spacing should be selected wisely to reduce aerodynamic interference for the structural design of the quadrotor aircraft [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamic Optimization of a Micro Quadrotor Aircraft with Different Rotor Spacings in Hover

Lei

Wang

2020

Applied Sciences

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In order to study the aerodynamic performance of the quadrotor with different rotor spacings in hover, experiments were performed together with numerical simulations. For experimental study, an experimental platform was designed to measure the thrust and power consumption of the quadrotor with different rotor spacings (L/R = 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, and 4.0), and to attempt to find out the optimal rotor configuration which makes the quadrotor have the best aerodynamic performance. In addition, the pressure distribution, vorticity of the blade tip, and velocity vector of quadrotor in the flow field were obtained by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to visually analyze the aerodynamic interference between adjacent rotors. By the comparison of experimental results and numerical simulations, the final results show that the aerodynamic performance of the quadrotor varies obviously with the change of rotor spacing, and it has a negative impact on hover efficiency if rotor spacing is too much small or large. The rotors pacing at L/R = 3.6 with larger thrust and smaller power is considered to be the best aerodynamic configuration for the quadrotor with better aerodynamic characteristics. Furthermore, compared with the isolated rotor, moderate aerodynamic interference is proved to help improve the aerodynamic performance of the quadrotor with a larger thrust, especially for a rotor spacing at L/R = 3.6.

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Numerical analysis and validation of spray distributions disturbed by quad-rotor drone wake at different flight speeds

Cited by 76 publications

References 29 publications

Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection

Evaluation of an unmanned aerial vehicle as a new method of pesticide application for almond crop protection

WSN-Assisted UAV Trajectory Adjustment for Pesticide Drift Control

Aerodynamic Optimization of a Micro Quadrotor Aircraft with Different Rotor Spacings in Hover

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