“…Shape memory alloys (SMAs), as a new class of functional material [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] possessing many unique features (e.g., biocompatibility, pseudo-elasticity, and shape-memory effect), have been utilized in various fields over the last three decades, such as automotive engineering [ 5 , 6 ], the aerospace industry [ 7 ], robotics [ 8 , 9 ], medical implants [ 10 , 11 ], intelligent control engineering [ 12 , 13 ], structural reinforcement [ 14 ], and virtual reality technology [ 15 ]. In these applications, SMAs are often used as structural components and undergo repeated tensile-compressive cycles during service.…”