Numerical analysis of soot emissions from gasoline-ethanol and gasoline-butanol blends under gasoline compression ignition conditions

Computational Study on the Impact of Gasoline-Ethanol Blending on Autoignition and Soot/Nox Emissions Under Gasoline Compression Ignition Conditions

“…It can be seen that the CFD model predicts the pressure and AHRR profiles reasonably well. However, the AHRR is over-predicted in simulations which is consistent with previous studies that adopted the Well Stirred Reactor (WSR) combustion model [20,53,54]. Further, the numerical model is compared with experimental data in terms of combustion phasing, soot, and NOx emissions.…”

“…Soot mass was measured using an AVL Micro Soot Sensor. Additional details of the engine system are provided in a recent publication by the authors [20]. [7,43,44].…”

“…Higher density deteriorated air entrainment into the spray resulting in slower fuel-air mixing process, thereby producing higher soot. A recent study by Kalvakala et al [20] showed that fuels with similar reactivities (in terms of CA10 and CA50) can exhibit significantly different sooting tendencies. The sooting tendency was strongly coupled to both fuel chemistry and physical properties with increased susceptibility to physical properties (mainly heat of vaporization (HoV) and viscosity) at advanced start of injection (SOI) conditions.…”

“…Further, it is hypothesized that the oxygen content in ethanol aids in suppressing soot emissions. Several fundamental and detailed engine studies have shown the potential benefits associated of blending gasoline with ethanol [20,28,[35][36][37][38]. Presently, RD5-87 gasoline containing 10% (by volume) ethanol, with anti-knocking index (AKI) of 87, is adopted as the baseline fuel in the market of several economies across the globe.…”

“…Further, the interaction between liquid droplets and solid surfaces was accounted for by using the Wall Film model by O'Rourke and Amsden model [51]. Additional details about the CFD model and validation of the current spray model are discussed in detail in the authors' previous work [20].…”