Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Drag and Lift Forces on a Bullet Head

Abstract

The bullet head plays a principal role in the modern enlargement of an efficient bullet. A bullet’s main design parameters depend upon the lift and drag forces acting on the head. The factors in a bullet’s shape design that affect bullets’ lift and drag forces are essential in aerodynamics, especially in ballistics. Therefore, the effect of wind on the lift and drag forces acting on the bullet, and the role of the bullet head to allow the bullet to travel efficiently through the wind, need to be investigated. This work discusses the parameters that affect the lift and drag force on the bullet. Simulations are performed in Ansys Fluent by varying the key parameters of the bullet head, i.e., the length and angle of attack, while keeping the air velocity at 5.2 m/s. The simulation outcome shows that the size of the bullet and the angle of attack are important factors related to the drag force. Therefore, this work predicts the inspection of a bullet under distinct wind conditions. An evaluation is performed to scrutinize the effect of design factors on the system execution of the bullet and its constructive flight path. It is concluded that when increasing the length of the bullet and its angle of attack (AOA), the drag force and lift forces increase drastically, contributing to the inefficiency of the bullet’s accuracy and penetrating power. A new design is also proposed in which the drag forces are reduced to the minimum.

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blade Fatigue Life

“…It should be observed that 2,871,038 displays an ideal mesh when compared to a coarse mesh with 192,988 elements and 64,311 nodes. The computing time is accurately indicated on the best mesh and is at a minimum [ 7 , 26 , 27 ]. The grid dependence test is consistent with numerical simulations where the force coefficient for the finer mesh is 0.50 percent different from the coarse mesh ( Figure 3 b).…”

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Drag Reduction in Bullet via Geometric Modifications

“…The findings indicated a 14.4% decrease in drag coefficient when using base bleed with an angle of attack of 0°. In a related study, Khan et al [7] examined the variables that influence the lift and drag forces on bullets by utilizing Ansys Fluent. The findings indicated that the size of the bullet and the angle of attack were vital factors in determining the drag force.…”

Numerical Study of the Flow Characteristics of Downburst-like Wind over the 3D Hill Using Different Turbulence Models

“…Wind tunnel tests offer lower costs and shorter experimentation cycles while maintaining accuracy and persuasiveness compared to field measurements. However, wind tunnel tests are restricted by size and cannot provide complete information on the flow field [18], limiting their ability to replicate real-world wind fields in complex mountainous terrain. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer hardware and software, the use of CFD has become increasingly popular [18,19].…”

“…However, wind tunnel tests are restricted by size and cannot provide complete information on the flow field [18], limiting their ability to replicate real-world wind fields in complex mountainous terrain. In recent years, with the rapid development of computer hardware and software, the use of CFD has become increasingly popular [18,19]. As a result, many researchers have begun to use various CFD turbulence models to simulate the wind field of downbursts in flat areas.…”

“…In recent years, with the rapid development of computer hardware and software, the use of CFD has become increasingly popular [18,19]. As a result, many researchers have begun to use various CFD turbulence models to simulate the wind field of downbursts in flat areas.…”