Numerical and experimental analysis of jet release and jet flame length for qualitative risk analysis at hydrogen refueling station

Park, Byoung-Jik; Kim, Yangkyun; Paik, Shin-Won; Jung, Seungho

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2021.09.016

Cited by 65 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Li et al evaluated the overpressure hazard induced by hydrogen explosion in mobile HRSs and predicted the minimum safe distance with different destructive effects in case of hydrogen leakage under free space for mobile HRSs in combination with the TNO multienergy method. They found that the distance with irreversible casualties on human lives was 79.3 m, and the distance with the least impact on buildings and personnel was 313.2 m. Park et al investigated hydrogen jets, jet flames, and thermal radiation from HRSs using hydrogen risk assessment models (HyRAM). They found that fillers, pipeline trailers, and sidewalks were at the highest risk.…”

Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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As fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are increasingly put on the market and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are built accordingly, fatal accidents caused by explosion due to hydrogen leakage are reported and have become a critical issue. The explosion results from complicated processes associated with the so-called hydrogen jet and diffusion when the hydrogen leaks from FCVs or HRSs, demonstrating its sophisticated characteristics and presenting significant technical challenges. Recently, particularly in the past a few years, researchers have established a variety of theoretical models to reveal the relevant mechanisms and introduced a series of monitoring/diagnostic approaches to detect and control the relevant hazards. This comprehensive review summarizes the major research outcomes and particularly the state-of-the-art progresses in relation to hydrogen leakage in FCVs and HRSs, including (1) subsonic jets, (2) underexpanded jets, (3) hydrogen diffusion behavior, (4) hazard reduction methods for confined and free spaces, (5) four types of widely used hydrogen detection technologies, and (6) the application of hydrogen leakage diagnostic methods in different systems. An insight of the review is that research on hydrogen leakage related to FCVs and HRSs should be combined with the relevant realistic characteristics. The characteristics of hydrogen jets generated in real gaps are discussed, and hazard reduction methods are proposed based on the characteristics of hydrogen diffusion in different confined and free spaces. It is suggested that, in order to integrate and evaluate multiple sensor data points and more accurately determine the leakage location and the leakage level, artificial intelligence technologies could be introduced to resolve the issues encountered currently.

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Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…The existing state-of-the-art research assesses the risk of hydrogen safety and HVs primarily with theoretical-based approaches utilizing common risk assessment methods such as the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) [25], the bow-tie technique [26], and hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) [27][28][29][30]. For instance, Park et al [31] conducted a study that examined the risk associated with hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) using toolkit software [32]. In a related study, a hybrid framework based on a fuzzy fault tree (FT) and HAZOP was used to assess the leakage risk of liquid HRS [33].…”

Section: State Of the Art Review On Hydrogen Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Safe and Sustainable Hydrogen Mobility: Circular Economy-Driven Management of Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Yazdi,

Moradi,

Pirbalouti

et al. 2023

Processes

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Hydrogen vehicles, encompassing fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), are pivotal within the UK’s energy landscape as it pursues the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050. By markedly diminishing dependence on fossil fuels, FCEVs, including hydrogen vehicles, wield substantial influence in shaping the circular economy (CE). Their impact extends to optimizing resource utilization, enabling zero-emission mobility, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources, supplying adaptable energy storage solutions, and interconnecting diverse sectors. The widespread adoption of hydrogen vehicles accelerates the UK’s transformative journey towards a sustainable CE. However, to fully harness the benefits of this transition, a robust investigation and implementation of safety measures concerning hydrogen vehicle (HV) use are indispensable. Therefore, this study takes a holistic approach, integrating quantitative risk assessment (QRA) and an adaptive decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) framework as pragmatic instruments. These methodologies ensure both the secure deployment and operational excellence of HVs. The findings underscore that the root causes of HV failures encompass extreme environments, material defects, fuel cell damage, delivery system impairment, and storage system deterioration. Furthermore, critical driving factors for effective safety intervention revolve around cultivating a safety culture, robust education/training, and sound maintenance scheduling. Addressing these factors is pivotal for creating an environment conducive to mitigating safety and risk concerns. Given the intricacies of conducting comprehensive hydrogen QRAs due to the absence of specific reliability data, this study dedicates attention to rectifying this gap. A sensitivity analysis encompassing a range of values is meticulously conducted to affirm the strength and reliability of our approach. This robust analysis yields precise, dependable outcomes. Consequently, decision-makers are equipped to discern pivotal underlying factors precipitating potential HV failures. With this discernment, they can tailor safety interventions that lay the groundwork for sustainable, resilient, and secure HV operations. Our study navigates the intersection of HVs, safety, and sustainability, amplifying their importance within the CE paradigm. Using the careful amalgamation of QRA and DEMATEL methodologies, we chart a course towards empowering decision-makers with the insights to steer the hydrogen vehicle domain to safer horizons while ushering in an era of transformative, eco-conscious mobility.

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“…Xing et al [22] used HyRAM to analyze the high-risk unit for urban hydrogen refueling stations and determine the fatality zone, flammable area and safe distances. Park et al [23] studied accidents at hydrogen refueling stations and analyzed individual and societal risks using the HyRAM software. HyRAM also incorporates experimentally validated models of releases and flames.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of jet spreading and flame hazard distances for high pressure hydrogen releases

Guo,

Song,

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Hydrogen is a promising clean and sustainable energy carrier. Hydrogen is usually stored at high pressure due to its low density. Hydrogen releases from high pressure storage can result in underexpanded jets that will mix with air, forming a large combustible cloud. If the jets are ignited, jet flames will form with a large hazard area. This study simulated hydrogen jets and jet flames for storage pressures of 1~70 MPa and nozzle diameters of 1~2 mm using the HyRAM software. The results show that the jet diffusion distance increased with the hydrogen stagnation pressure and the nozzle diameter. The diffusion distances were correlated with the nozzle diameter and the hydrogen stagnation pressure. The jet flames and thermal radiations were then analyzed to show that the flame length and hazard distance both increased with the stagnation pressure and nozzle diameter. Correlations for radiation major harm distance, harm distance and no harm distance were developed to predict the jet flame hazard range. The present study can provide references for the safety design of hydrogen applications.

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Numerical and experimental analysis of jet release and jet flame length for qualitative risk analysis at hydrogen refueling station

Cited by 65 publications

References 39 publications

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Enabling Safe and Sustainable Hydrogen Mobility: Circular Economy-Driven Management of Hydrogen Vehicle Safety

Modeling of jet spreading and flame hazard distances for high pressure hydrogen releases

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