“…The ultimate limit state (ULS), accident limit state (ALS), fatigue limit state (FLS), and serviceability limit state (SLS) can be subsumed under the LSD category (Paik, 2018). Concerning LSD, several studies have recently been conducted by many research groups (Ao et al, 2020;Doan et al, 2020;Georgiadis and Samuelides, 2019;ISSC, 2018;Jagite et al, 2019;Kong et al, 2020;Lee et al, 2019;Lee and Paik, 2020;Li and Benson, 2019;Li et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021;Shi and Gao, 2020;Tatsumi and Fujikubo, 2020;Tatsumi et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020).…”