“…Regarding this topic, the reader may be referred to the works presented in Malvern (1969), Goodman et al (1968), Hillerborg et al (1976), Herrmann (1978), Ingraffea and Saouma (1985), Bocca et al (1986), Kikuchi and Oden (1988), Alfaiate et al (1992), Carol and Prat (1995), Lourenço and Rots (1997), Carey and Ma (1999), Tijssens et al (2000), Dias-da-Costa et al (2009). In the following, emphasis is put on the descriptions of both the DSDA and the GFEM.…”