Numerical modeling of larval settlement in turbulent bottom boundary layers

Gross, Thomas F.; Werner, Francisco E.; Eckman, James E.

doi:10.1357/002224092784797575

Cited by 74 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Models of larval transport to the benthos by Eckman (1990) and Gross et al (1992) showed that increasing turbulence raises the rate of larval transport to the substratum. However, Crimaldi et al (2002) found that the decrease in anchoring probability caused by high turbulence has a larger effect on overall settlement success than does the increase in larval transport to substratum due to turbulent mixing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

2009

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This study investigates a key aspect of how ambient flow affects the recruitment of water-dispersed marine larvae onto benthic substrata: the sweeping away of larvae that have landed on surfaces. Through a combination of field and laboratory measurements, we studied how waves interact with a complex substratum to affect hydrodynamic forces encountered by microscopic larvae sitting at different positions on the bottom terrain. We used larvae of the nudibranch Phestilla sibogae settling onto coral reefs as the system to address this question. Laser Doppler anemometry was utilized within a laboratory flume to measure water velocities encountered 200 mm from coral surfaces by microscopic larvae sitting at different locations within a reef of the branching coral Porites compressa. Comparing wave-driven flow, based on conditions measured over P. compressa reefs in Hawaii, with unidirectional flow of the same mean velocity, we found that peak shear stresses along coral surfaces were ,15 times greater and hydrodynamic forces on larvae were ,10 times higher in wave conditions. Peak forces on larvae sitting on the reef top were 3-10 times greater than on larvae 5-10 cm below the reef top. Intermittent bursts of high velocity, which occurred more often at the reef top than within it, determined the settlement probability for larvae in different reef microhabitats. The faster and more strongly a larva sticks to a surface, the higher the probability of successful settlement. Using values for P. sibogae adhesive strength, we predict they can settle only on sheltered surfaces within reefs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

2009

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“…Adult bay scallops, Agropectens irradians have been observed to use this method to migrate when community density is high and emigration is favored over competition (Powers and Peterson 2000). It has been found, however, that settling larvae often make recruitment decisions when flow is minimal, such as at slack tide, and avoid unnecessary energy expenditure (Gross et al 1992).…”

Section: Recruitment and The Role Of Physical Chemical And Biolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment responses of benthic infauna to manipulated sediment geochemical properties in natural flows

Engstrom¹

2005

J Mar Res

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Recent studies have shown that local variation in sediment geochemistry can have significant effects on settlement rates of benthic invertebrates. For example, elevated porewater ammonium concentrations in soft-sediment benthic systems may result in decreased recruitment rates of settling larvae. Recruitment responses of the benthic polychaete Arenicola cristata and the bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria to varying ammonium concentrations were measured in realistic flow environments.Experiments made novel use of ammonium-spiked polyacrylamide gels placed beneath field-collected sediment, which produced predictable porewater ammonium concentrations. Post-larval arenicolids and Mercenaria were allowed to settle in an annular flume containing sediment treatments with varying ammonium concentrations. Porewater ammonium data indicated successful manipulation of geochemical properties without contamination of overlying water. In Mercenaria trials, recruit retention was low. For Arenicola trials, significant retention differences were observed as a function of ammonium concentration, and indicate that ammonium plays a significant role in determining recruitment patterns and hence juvenile abundance.

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“…Tides and Related Phenomena: Tidal flows can move larvae passively by resuspending them in peak tidal velocities (e.g., Levin 1986; modeled by Gross et al 1992). …”

Section: Wind-driven Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turbulent mixing may be caused by meteorological events (e.g., winds, solar heating), waves, tidal forces, or interactions between current flow and irregular topography, and can redistribute larvae in the vertical dimension (MacIntyre et al 1995). For example, found passive resuspension of larvae during peak tidal flows (modeled by Gross et al 1992). Turbulent mixing may cause larval patches to disperse (Koehl et al 1993), but larvae are not simply redistributed as passive particles.…”

Section: Biological and Physical Processes Influencing Vertical Distrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, larval migrations may be synchronized with the tides; but, active migration may be difficult to distinguish from passive resuspension during peak tidal flows (see section 1.5.1; Gross et al 1992). Nevertheless, selective tidal transport has been proposed as a mechanism capable of producing net horizontal movement (Cronin and Forward 1982;Hill1991a, 1991bHill1991a, and 1994Rothlisberg et al 1983;Thi€bault et al 1992), though no conclusive evidence supporting this mechanism has been collected for inner-shelf larval species.…”

Section: Biological and Physical Processes Influencing Vertical Distrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal variability and vertical structure in larval abundance : the potential roles of biological and physical processes

Garland¹

2000

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Recruitment variability in benthic invertebrate populations results from variability in planktonic larval supply and from processes occurring during and after larval settlement onto the seafloor. The focus of this thesis is on the temporal and spatial variability in larval supply, the extent to which planktonic larval distributions are determined by larval behaviors and physical processes, and how differentially distributed larvae are advected to potential adult habitats by inner-shelf circulation such as wind-driven upwelling and downwelling. This research capitalized on two sets of larval concentration time series, collected by moored zooplankton pumps, and complemented by synoptic hydrographic time-series data.High variability was observed in larval concentration time series, yet the variations were nonrandom. Within the context of the sampling regime, two dominant modes of variability existed. One source of variation was associated with the synoptic meteorological time scale, and the other with the diurnal time scale. Over relatively long time scales, larvae were associated with particular water masses, defined by temperature-salinity characteristics. Within a particular water mass, group-specific vertical patterns were observed over both long and short time scales. "Lowfrequency" temporal variatious resulted primarily from wind-driven cross-shelf transport of water masses in which larvae were differentially distributed relative to the thermocline. "Higherfrequency" variations were attributed to diel vertical migrations. These findings suggest that larvae were passive to the degree that they were horizontally advected with certain water masses, but active to the degree that they could alter their vertical position in the water column.Local hydrodynamics, larval associations with specific water masses, and the vertical structure of larvae resulted in differential larval transport to potential adult habitats. Larval data indicate the times and places of possible coupling between water-column organisms and the benthos, leading to certain predictions regarding when and where larval settlement should be greatest.Time-series measurements of larval concentration yield a new perspective on the temporal and spatial variability in larval distributions at an inner-shelf site. Determining how processes operating at the synoptic and diurnal time scales are coupled, and to what extent they influence recruitment variability, represents a challenging extension of this work.

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Numerical modeling of larval settlement in turbulent bottom boundary layers

Cited by 74 publications

References 0 publications

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

Hydrodynamic forces on larvae affect their settlement on coral reefs in turbulent, wave-driven flow

Recruitment responses of benthic infauna to manipulated sediment geochemical properties in natural flows

Temporal variability and vertical structure in larval abundance : the potential roles of biological and physical processes

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