Numerical Reconstruction of Real-Life Concussive Football Impacts

Fréchède, Bertrand; McIntosh, Andrew S.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318186b1c5

Cited by 76 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Holbourn [1956]; private communication to Dr. Sabina Stritch, October 13, 1956;Ommaya et al, 1967), and a typical brain mass of the miniature pig (80-90 g) and humans (1000-1400 g) to transfer the accelerations associated with concussion described in recent studies (5600-8000 rad/sec 2 ; Duma et al, 2005;Frechede and McIntosh, 2009;Greenwald et al, 2008;Newman et al, 2000;Pellman et al, 2003) to an equivalent loading in the smaller miniature swine brain. We also included scaling of rotational velocity in our estimates, using a different scaling relationship (Ommaya et al, 1967).…”

Section: Mechanical Input Parameters For Concussion Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these previous studies, both planes of head rotation produced extensive axonal pathology, while only axial plane rotation induced prolonged coma. By comparison to human data on the levels of head accelerations and velocities thought to induce concussion (Duma et al, 2005;Frechede and McIntosh, 2009;Greenwald et al, 2008;Newman et al, 2000;Pellman et al, 2003), we scaled our input accelerations to be 4-6 times higher. Based on our calculations, this increase was needed to produce the same extent of dynamic tissue deformation in an 80-90 g swine brain as occurs during concussive head accelerations for the human 1000-1400 g brain.…”

Section: Plane Of Head Rotation and Loss Of Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Diffuse Axonal Injury in Swine

Browne

Chen²,

Meaney³

et al. 2011

Journal of Neurotrauma

216

172

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Until recently, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or ''concussion'' was generally ignored as a major health issue. However, emerging evidence suggests that this injury is by no means mild, considering it induces persisting neurocognitive dysfunction in many individuals. Although little is known about the pathophysiological aspects of mTBI, there is growing opinion that diffuse axonal injury (DAI) may play a key role. To explore this possibility, we adapted a model of head rotational acceleration in swine to produce mTBI by scaling the mechanical loading conditions based on available biomechanical data on concussion thresholds in humans. Using these input parameters, head rotational acceleration was induced in either the axial plane (transverse to the brainstem; n = 3), causing a 10-to 35-min loss of consciousness, or coronal plane (circumferential to the brainstem; n = 2), which did not produce a sustained loss of consciousness. Seven days following injury, immunohistochemical analyses of the brains revealed that both planes of head rotation induced extensive axonal pathology throughout the white matter, characterized as swollen axonal bulbs or varicosities that were immunoreactive for accumulating neurofilament protein. However, the distribution of the axonal pathology was different between planes of head rotation. In particular, more swollen axonal profiles were observed in the brainstems of animals injured in the axial plane, suggesting an anatomic substrate for prolonged loss of consciousness in mTBI. Overall, these data support DAI as an important pathological feature of mTBI, and demonstrate that surprisingly overt axonal pathology may be present, even in cases without a sustained loss of consciousness.

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Section: Mechanical Input Parameters For Concussion Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plane Of Head Rotation and Loss Of Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Diffuse Axonal Injury in Swine

Browne

Chen²,

Meaney³

et al. 2011

Journal of Neurotrauma

216

172

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Concussion risk can be estimated experimentally by reconstructing real-life head impacts. This approach has been used to analyse collisions and falls occurring in professional American football, Australian rules football, and rugby (Fréchède & McIntosh, 2009;McIntosh, McCrory, & Comerford, 2000;Pellman, Viano, Tucker, Casson, & Waeckerle, 2003). Video analysis provides information concerning the impact velocity, location, and orientation, as well as player identification and equipment worn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These parameters can then be reconstructed in a laboratory to quantify the event and establish a link between brain injury metrics and concussion. Variables such as impact velocity, location, orientation, mass, and compliance have been shown to affect the response of the head and brain and should be replicated as accurately as possible when doing a reconstruction of a real-world collision in ice hockey (Fréchède & McIntosh, 2009;Karton, 2012;Walsh, Rousseau, & Hoshizaki, 2011;Zhang, Yang, & King, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the effective impact mass of elbow and shoulder strikes in ice hockey

Rousseau

Hoshizaki

2015

Sports Biomechanics

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Reconstruction of real-life events can be used to investigate the relationship between the mechanical parameters of the impact and concussion risk. Striking mass has typically been approximated as being the mass of the body part coming into contact with the head without accounting for the force applied by the striking athlete. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure the effective impact mass of three common striking techniques in ice hockey. Fifteen participants were instructed to strike a suspended 50th percentile Hybrid III headform at least three times with their elbow or shoulder. Effective impact mass was calculated by measuring the change in velocity of the player and the headform. Mean effective impact mass for the extended elbow, tucked-in elbow, and shoulder check conditions were 4.8, 3.0, and 12.9 kg, respectively. Peak linear accelerations were lower than the values associated with concussion in American football which could be a reflection of the methodology used in this study as well as inherent differences between both sports.

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“…There are dozens of studies analyzing head impact in American football, using both laboratory simulations/recreations [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] and live play biomechanical measurements. 13,34-52 A much smaller number of studies have quantified head impact in soccer and lacrosse, primarily using self-report questionnaires, 15 video analysis, 31,53,54 and/or laboratory simulations/recreations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Head Impact in Contact and Collision Sports

Reynolds

Patrie

Henry

et al. 2017

Journal of Neurotrauma

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As concerns about head impact in American football have grown, similar concerns have started to extend to other sports thought to experience less head impact, such as soccer and lacrosse. However, the amount of head impact experienced in soccer and lacrosse is relatively unknown, particularly compared with the substantial amount of data from football. This pilot study quantifies and compares head impact from four different types of sports teams: college football, high school football, college soccer, and college lacrosse. During the 2013 and 2014 seasons, 61 players wore mastoid patch accelerometers to quantify head impact during official athletic events (i.e., practices and games). In both practices and games, college football players experienced the most or second-most impacts per athletic event, highest average peak resultant linear and rotational acceleration per impact, and highest cumulative linear and rotational acceleration per athletic event. For average peak resultant linear and rotational acceleration per individual impact, college football was followed by high school football, then college lacrosse, and then college soccer, with similar trends in both practices and games. In the four teams under study, college football players experienced a categorically higher burden of head impact. However, for cumulative impact burden, the high school football cohort was not significantly different from the college soccer cohort. The results suggest that head impact in sport substantially varies by both the type of sport (football vs. soccer vs. lacrosse) and level of play (college vs. high school).

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Numerical Reconstruction of Real-Life Concussive Football Impacts

Abstract: These biomechanical results compare well with other studies. They should contribute to the identification of the energy levels at which concussive impacts occur in football for the purpose of a better evaluation of protective devices in these sports.

Cited by 76 publications

References 20 publications

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Diffuse Axonal Injury in Swine

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Diffuse Axonal Injury in Swine

Defining the effective impact mass of elbow and shoulder strikes in ice hockey

Comparative Analysis of Head Impact in Contact and Collision Sports

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