“…10 Based on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (icELISA) test was invented to measure diethylstilbestrol. 11 Nonetheless, these methods lack field detection, 12 have exorbitant technical expenses, 13 have negative specificity, 14 and adhere to rigid technical standards. 15 Electrochemical detection or sensing technologies have inherent properties of low cost, ease of miniaturization and integration, 16 and simplicity of operation that are often essential in biosensor design.…”