“…Within the framework of the SPH method, the simulation domain is populated by freely moving particles where physical properties are averaged over computational particles using a smoothing kernel function, and the governing equations are discretized on these particles. SPH has been applied to a wide range of applications such as free surface flows (Aly et al , 2013; Leroy et al , 2016; Gotoh et al , 2014), hydrodynamic instabilities (Rahmat et al , 2014; Shadloo and Yildiz, 2011), multi-phase flows (Rahmat et al , 2016; Hopp-Hirschler et al , 2019; Rahmat and Yildiz, 2018; Nasiri et al , 2018), bluff body simulations (Shadloo et al , 2011) and fluid–solid interactions (Rafiee and Thiagarajan, 2009; Tran-Duc et al , 2017; Rahmat et al , 2019; Li et al , 2018).…”