“…SPH is a mesh-free Lagrangian particle-based method, which was initially developed by Gingold and Monaghan 31 for astrophysical problems. However, it had been used for simulating a broad range of physical problems including free surface, [32][33][34] turbulent, 35,36 multi-phase, 15,37,38 heat transfer, 39,40 and biological problems. 41,42 In this section, the SPH method is described in more detail, which is used in our simulation.…”