Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Waythomas, Christopher F.; Watts, Philip; Walder, Joseph S.

doi:10.5194/nhess-6-671-2006

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Once again, the behavior of the landslide and its interaction with the underlying topography cannot be predicted. To improve the simulation, other authors [ Fryer et al , 2004; Tinti et al , 2006a, 2006b; Waythomas et al , 2006, 2009] simulate the landslide by calculating first the displacement of discrete sliding blocks and, subsequently, the waves generated by these blocks. Other models consider both the landslide and the water as independent fluids.…”

Section: Models Of Landslide‐generated Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide‐generated tsunamis at Réunion Island

Kelfoun¹,

Giachetti²,

Labazuy³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

100

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[1] Landslides that occur on oceanic volcanoes can reach the sea and trigger catastrophic tsunamis. Réunion Island has been the location of numerous huge landslides involving tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers of material. We use a new two-fluid (seawater and landslide) numerical model to estimate the wave amplitudes and the propagation of tsunamis associated with landslide events on Réunion Island. A 10 km 3 landslide from the eastern flank of Piton de la Fournaise volcano would lift the water surface by about 150 m where it entered the sea. The wave thus generated would reach Saint-Denis, the capital of Réunion Island (population of about 150,000 people), in only 12 min, with an amplitude of more than 10 m, and would reach Mauritius Island in 18 min. Although Mauritius is located about 175 km from the impact, waves reaching its coast would be greater than those for Réunion Island. This is due to the initial shape of the wave, and its propagation normal to the coast at Mauritius but generally coast-parallel at Réunion Island. A submarine landslide of the coastal shelf of 2 km 3 , would trigger a ∼40 m high wave that would severely affect the proximal coast in the western part of Réunion Island. For a landslide of the shelf of only 0.5 km 3 , waves of about 2 m in amplitude would affect the proximal coast.

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Section: Models Of Landslide‐generated Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslide‐generated tsunamis at Réunion Island

Kelfoun¹,

Giachetti²,

Labazuy³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

100

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“…Island volcanoes in open marine settings are well known source regions for tsunamis associated with volcanic mass flow processes such as large landslides and pyroclastic flows [ Waythomas and Neal , 1998; Waythomas et al , 2006, 2009]. Although it is possible for impulse waves to be generated by several processes associated with explosive eruptions, including mass flows entering the sea, flank collapse, lateral blasts, coupling of shockwaves from undirected explosions with the sea surface, and tephra fallout, the most efficient mechanism for wave generation is sustained mass flux of material from the volcano flank into the sea along the seafloor [ Watts and Waythomas , 2003].…”

Section: Tsunami Generation By Kasatochi Pyroclastic Flows?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The 7–8 August 2008 eruption of Kasatochi Volcano, central Aleutian Islands, Alaska

et al. 2010

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Kasatochi volcano in the central Aleutian Islands erupted unexpectedly on 7–8 August 2008. Kasatochi has received little study by volcanologists and has had no confirmed historical eruptions. The island is an important nesting area for seabirds and a long‐term biological study site of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. After a notably energetic preeruptive earthquake swarm, the volcano erupted violently in a series of explosive events beginning in the early afternoon of 7 August. Each event produced ash‐gas plumes that reached 14–18 km above sea level. The volcanic plume contained large amounts of SO2 and was tracked around the globe by satellite observations. The cumulative volcanic cloud interfered with air travel across the North Pacific, causing many flight cancelations that affected thousands of travelers. Visits to the volcano in 2008–2009 indicated that the eruption generated pyroclastic flows and surges that swept all flanks of the island, accumulated several tens of meters of pyroclastic debris, and increased the diameter of the island by about 800 m. Pyroclastic flow deposits contain abundant accidental lithic debris derived from the inner walls of the Kasatochi crater. Juvenile material is crystal‐rich silicic andesite that ranges from slightly pumiceous to frothy pumice. Fine‐grained pyroclastic surge and fall deposits with accretionary lapilli cover the lithic‐rich pyroclastic flow deposits and mark a change in eruptive style from episodic explosive activity to more continuous ash emission with smaller intermittent explosions. Pyroclastic deposits completely cover the island, but wave erosion and gully development on the flanks have begun to modify the surface mantle of volcanic deposits.

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“…Debris avalanches from coastal volcanoes have the added hazard of potential tsunami generation (Siebert, 1984). As many as 12–14 debris avalanches associated with Mount St. Augustine have reached the sea in the last 2,000 years and numerical models indicate future such events could produce tsunami waves of several meters in populated areas of the Kenai Peninsula (Waythomas et al., 2006). The presence of snow and ice (Huggel et al., 2007; Waythomas, 2014) and shallow saturated zones in fresh rocks (Ball et al., 2018; Finn et al., 2018), especially when coupled with eruptive activity, can also decrease the stability of volcanoes, as exemplified during the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, where melting glacial ice near the volcano's summit triggered the formation of four lahars that killed 25,000 people (Lowe et al., 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne Geophysical Imaging of Weak Zones on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska: Implications for Slope Stability

2021

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Water‐saturated, hydrothermally altered rocks reduce the strength of volcanic edifices and increase the potential for sector collapses and far‐traveled mass flows of unconsolidated debris. Iliamna Volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano located on the western side of the Cook Inlet, ∼225 km southwest of Anchorage and is a source of repeated avalanches. The widespread snow and ice cover on Iliamna Volcano make surface alteration difficult to identify. However, intense hydrothermal alteration significantly reduces both the electrical resistivity and magnetization of volcanic rock and can therefore be identified with airborne geophysical measurements. We use airborne electromagnetic and magnetic data to map snow and ice thickness and identify underlying alteration zones at Iliamna Volcano, Alaska. Resistivities were calculated to an average depth of >300 m, and a 3‐D susceptibility model extends from the surface to the base of the volcano, about 3,000 m below the summit. Geophysical models image low resistivity (<30 ohm‐m) and low susceptibilities near the summit of Iliamna and below its older vent complex, with the low susceptibilities indicating alteration up to ∼800 m in thickness. Thin conductors (∼50–100 m thick) on the edifice slopes coincide with recorded locations of repeated debris avalanches over the past ∼60 years and are attributed to saturated zones at high elevation. Three‐dimensional slope stability models based upon the geophysically constrained alteration distribution suggest the edifice of Iliamna is unstable and could lead to collapse scars ∼400 m deep near the current and former vent complexes.

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Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by cold volcanic mass flows at Augustine Volcano, Alaska

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Landslide‐generated tsunamis at Réunion Island

Landslide‐generated tsunamis at Réunion Island

The 7–8 August 2008 eruption of Kasatochi Volcano, central Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Airborne Geophysical Imaging of Weak Zones on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska: Implications for Slope Stability

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