Numerical Simulations of Laser and Hybrid S700MC T-Joint Welding

Kik, Tomasz; Górka, Jacek

doi:10.3390/ma12030516

Cited by 62 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The laser beam as a heat source is widely used in different technologies of material processing and manufacturing, such surface treatment, coatings, or cutting and joining [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. This is because the laser beam offers many advantages, the most important of which are high flexibility, high power densities, localized or selective heating, high processing speed, and low heat input [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions

Lisiecki

Ślizak²

2020

Metals

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The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the novel technique of laser deposition of Fe-based powder under cryogenic conditions provided by a liquid nitrogen bath. Comparative clad layers were produced by conventional laser cladding at free cooling conditions in ambient air and by the developed process combining laser cladding and laser gas nitriding (hybrid) under cryogenic conditions. The influence of process parameters and cooling conditions on the geometry, microstructure, and hardness profiles of the clad layers was determined. The optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and XRD test methods were used to determine the microstructure and phase composition. The results indicate that the proposed technique of forced cooling the substrate in a nitrogen bath during the laser deposition of Fe-based powder is advantageous because it provides favorable geometry of the clad, low dilution, a narrow heat-affected zone, a high hardness and uniform profile on the cross-sections, homogeneity, and refinement of the microstructure. The influence of the forced cooling on microstructure refinement was quantitatively determined by measuring the secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS). Additionally, highly dispersed nanometric-sized (200–360 nm) precipitations of complex carbides were identified in interdendritic regions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions

Lisiecki

Ślizak²

2020

Metals

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“…Numerical simulations have provided a significant contribution to the optimization of welding conditions. Kik et al [16] dealt with the application of simulation computations for a T-weld made by laser and hybrid methods for sheets of 10 mm thickness. The simulation program SYSWELD was used in these computations, and possibilities of its application are now presented.…”

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confidence: 99%

Determination of Grain Growth Kinetics and Assessment of Welding Effect on Properties of S700MC Steel in the HAZ of Welded Joints

Moravec

Nováková

Sobotka

et al. 2019

Metals

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The welding of fine-grained steels is a very specific technology because of the requirement for the heat input limit value. Applying temperature cycles results in an intense grain growth in a high-temperature heat-affected zone (HAZ). This has a significant effect on the changing of strength properties and impact values. The intensity of grain coarsening in the HAZ can be predicted based on the experimentally determined activation energy and material constant, both of which define grain growth kinetics. These quantities, together with real measured welding cycles, can be subsequently used during experiments to determine mechanical properties in a high-temperature HAZ. This paper shows a methodical procedure leading to the obtainment of the material quantities mentioned above that define the grain growth, both at fast and slow temperature cycles. These data were used to define the exposure temperature and the soaking time in a vacuum furnace to prepare test samples with grain sizes corresponding to the high-temperature HAZ of welded joints for the testing procedures. Simultaneously, by means of the thermo-mechanical simulator Gleeble 3500, testing samples were prepared which, due to a temperature gradient, created conditions comparable to those in the HAZ. The experiments were both carried out with the possibility of free sample dilatation and under a condition of zero dilation, which happens when the thermal expansion of a material is compensated by plastic deformation. It has been found that shape of the temperature cycle, maximal achieved cycle temperature, cooling rate, and, particularly, the time in which the sample is in the austenite region have significant effects on the resulting change of properties.

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“…As a result, welded structures with the same load capacity are now thinner and lighter. Furthermore, the use of TMCP steels reduces welding costs by decreasing the consumption of filler metals, shortening the time of welding processes, and reducing costs related to the straightening of structures and the testing of welds [17][18][19][20][21][22]. It should also be noted that the welding thermal cycle itself significantly differs from the classical thermomechanical treatment cycle (by being considerably more intense).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Effect of Laser Welding on the Properties and Structure of TMCP Steel Butt Joints

Górka

2020

Materials

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The research work and related tests aimed to identify the effect of filler metal-free laser beam welding on the structure and properties of butt joints made of steel 700MC subjected to the TMCP (thermo-mechanically controlled processed) process. The tests involved 10-mm thick welded joints and a welding linear energy of 4 kJ/mm and 5 kJ/mm. The inert gas shielded welding process was performed in the flat position (PA) and horizontal position (PC). Non-destructive testing enabled classification of the tested welded joints as representing the quality level B in accordance with the requirements set out in standard 13919-1. Destructive tests revealed that the tensile strength of the joints was 5% lower than S700MC steel. The results of tensile tests and changes in structure were referred to joints made using the MAG (Metal Active Gas) method. The tests of thin films performed using a high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope revealed that, during laser beam welding, an increase in dilution was accompanied by an increase in the content of alloying microadditions titanium and niobium, particularly in the fusion area. A significant content of hardening phases in the welded joint during cooling led to significant precipitation hardening by fine-dispersive (Ti,Nb)(C,N) type precipitates being of several nanometres in size, which, in turn, resulted in the reduction of plastic properties. An increase in the concentration of elements responsible for steel hardening, i.e., Ti and Nb, also contributed to reducing the weld toughness below the acceptable value, which amounts to 25 J/cm2. In cases of S700MC, the analysis of the phase transformation of austenite exposed to welding thermal cycles and the value of carbon equivalent cannot be the only factors taken into consideration when assessing weldability.

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Numerical Simulations of Laser and Hybrid S700MC T-Joint Welding

Cited by 62 publications

References 30 publications

Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions

Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions

Determination of Grain Growth Kinetics and Assessment of Welding Effect on Properties of S700MC Steel in the HAZ of Welded Joints

Assessment of the Effect of Laser Welding on the Properties and Structure of TMCP Steel Butt Joints

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