“…J. Ou and L. Li: Multi-field coupling enhanced heat transfer principle and its application On one hand, improving the engine compartment structure for the purpose of enhancing its convective heat transfer, such as analysing the velocity and temperature fields in the cabin (Merati et al, 2011), improving the front-end structure of the car (Singh and Shen, 2007;Juan, 2008;Lukeman et al, 2012;Harambat, 2014;Khaled et al, 2014a) adjusting the spatial layout of the internal parts of the engine compartment (Khaled et al, 2014b), or adding wind deflectors (Khaled et al, 2010;Wei et al, 2006). On the other hand, the optimization of engine cooling systems, such as intelligent control of the cooling system (Kaleli et al, 2018;Sun et al, 2017;Lu et al, 2019) and optimization of design parameters of the engine cooling module (Khaled et al, 2012;Sharma et al, 2018;Lu et al, 2016;Baskar and Rajaraman, 2018).…”