“…Since the basis of the research is based on the operation of fluid pumping, this validation covers all parts. Finally, a comparison is made between the results obtained from steady-state and transient simulations [ [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] ]. Nabil Elminshawy and colleagues [ 37 ] conducted a comprehensive study on the experimental performance analysis of enhanced concentrated photovoltaic systems using various mass flow rates of Al 2 O 3 -nanofluid.…”