Nutrient Addition to Experimental Rocky Shore Communities Revisited: Delayed Responses, Rapid Recovery

Kraufvelin, Patrik; Moy, Frithjof E.; Christie, Hartvig; Bokn, Tor

doi:10.1007/s10021-005-0188-1

Cited by 55 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Food chain analyses were performed using data from gillnet fishing and analysis of fish stomach contents and stable carbon isotope ratios (Fredriksen 2003. Experimental tests of the functional relationships between seaweeds and associated fauna were performed in large intertidal mesocosms (Bokn et al 2003, Kraufvelin et al 2006b); these focused on fauna composition related to effects of eutrophication. We also had the opportunity to test the effects of physical disturbance on macrophytes by field sampling in areas trawled by commercial kelp harvesting .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these communities may be resistant to disturbances such as eutrophication, Bokn et al (2003) reported no large effects on fucoid communities of nutrient additions during a 3-yr experimental mesocosm study. By prolonging the experiment performed by Bokn et al (2003) for another 2 yr, Kraufvelin et al (2006b) detected a sudden and dramatic shift from perennials to ephemerals (mainly Ulva spp.) in eutrophicated mesocosms, while the perennial communities persisted in the control mesocosms.…”

Section: Disturbances and Macrophyte Persistencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Macrophytes as habitat for fauna

Christie¹,

Norderhaug²,

Fredriksen³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

327

195

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Macrophyte systems, including kelp, seaweed and seagrasses, have revealed high diversity and abundance of associated fauna along the Norwegian coast. In the present study, data from a number of recent studies were assembled and supplemented with new data to elucidate the organisation of macrofaunal diversity on macrophytes. The aim was to compare faunal composition on macrophytes of different size, shape, longevity and function. Macrofaunal densities frequently exceed 100 000 individuals m -2 in macrophyte beds. Commonly, high densities of amphipods and gastropods are found. The faunal composition depends mainly on habitat architecture at a spatial micro-scale, while faunal abundances depend on habitat size. These 2 patterns are consistent over larger spatial scales. Most faunal species show high mobility and dispersal rates, and they colonize available habitats rapidly. Macrophyte longevity may, in some cases, influence faunal composition. The macrophytes function both as a habitat and as a food source, but the feeding behaviour of the majority of the faunal components prevents the fauna from overgrazing their habitat and thus destroying the primary producer and foundation species of the community. The perennial macrophytes are mainly consumed as particulate organic matter. A high functional redundancy in both plants and animals is most likely important for the stability of the macrophyte system. The stability and diversity of macrophyte systems are found to be threatened in various ways by overgrazing, removal by storms and commercial harvesting, eutrophication and overfishing of top predators, with concurrent challenges for management.KEY WORDS: Macroalgae · Seagrass · Fauna · Diversity · Stability Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherContribution to the Theme Section 'Marine biodiversity: current understanding and future research'

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disturbances and Macrophyte Persistencementioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophytes as habitat for fauna

Christie¹,

Norderhaug²,

Fredriksen³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

327

195

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“…For instance, high loads of nitrogen from developed shore zones favor monocultures of Spartina (cordgrass) or Phragmites (common reed) in estuarine shore zones (Bertness et al 2002;Chambers et al 2008). High levels of phosphorus, whether from external loading or recycling by shore zone consumers, can favor the development of nuisance blooms of the macroalga Cladophora in fresh or slightly brackish water (Hecky et al 2004;Kraufvelin et al 2006). In addition to these direct effects, excessive nutrient loading can increase phytoplankton populations.…”

Section: Other Physical and Chemical Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology of freshwater shore zones

2010

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Freshwater shore zones are among the most ecologically valuable parts of the planet, but have been heavily damaged by human activities. Because the management and rehabilitation of freshwater shore zones could be improved by better use of ecological knowledge, we summarize here what is known about their ecological functioning. Shore zones are complexes of habitats that support high biodiversity, which is enhanced by high physical complexity and connectivity. Shore zones dissipate large amounts of physical energy, can receive and process extraordinarily high inputs of autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter, and are sites of intensive nutrient cycling. Interactions between organic matter inputs (including wood), physical energy, and the biota are especially important. In general, the ecological character of shore zone ecosystems is set by inputs of physical energy, geologic (or anthropogenic) structure, the hydrologic regime, nutrient inputs, the biota, and climate. Humans have affected freshwater shore zones by laterally compressing and stabilizing the shore zone, changing hydrologic regimes, shortening and simplifying shorelines, hardening shorelines, tidying shore zones, increasing inputs of physical energy that impinge on shore zones, pollution, recreational activities, resource extraction, introducing alien species, changing climate, and intensive development in the shore zone. Systems to guide management and restoration by quantifying ecological services provided by shore zones and balancing multiple (and sometimes conflicting) values are relatively recent and imperfect. We close by identifying leading challenges for shore zone ecology and management.

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“…Furthermore, the fact that we were able to demonstrate a significant trophic cascade on the recruitment stages of algae indicates that a lack of a clearly visible community-wide trophic cascade following declines in predator abundance in nature does not exclude large, community-wide effects on a longer time scale. Such delayed effects have been demonstrated for a rocky shore mesocosm community, where nutrient enrichment and changes in grazer abundances generated a total restructuring of the macroalgal community after 4 years of limited effects (Kraufvelin et al 2006). Thus, while short-term community-wide trophic cascades due to predator removal may not be common in nature, effects of predator declines may cascade down the food web through changes in community composition and thereby interact with nutrient loading over the long term Sieben et al 2011).…”

Section: Factormentioning

confidence: 96%

Cascading predator control interacts with productivity to determine the trophic level of biomass accumulation in a benthic food web

Eriksson¹,

Rubach

Batsleer

et al. 2011

Ecological Research

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Large-scale exploitation of higher trophic levels by humans, together with global-scale nutrient enrichment, highlights the need to explore interactions between predator loss and resource availability. The hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems suggests that topdown and bottom-up control alternate between trophic levels, resulting in a positive relationship between primary production and the abundance of every second trophic level. Specifically, in food webs with three effective trophic levels, primary producers and predators should increase with primary production, while in food webs with two trophic levels, only herbivores should increase. We provided short-term experimental support for these model predictions in a natural benthic community with three effective trophic levels, where the number of algal recruits, but not the biomass of gastropod grazers, increased with algal production. In contrast, when the food web was reduced to two trophic levels by removing larger predators, the number of algal recruits was unchanged while gastropod grazer biomass increased with algal production. Predator removal only affected the consumer-controlled early life-stages of algae, indicating that both the number of trophic levels and the life-stage development of the producer trophic level determine the propagation of trophic cascades in benthic systems. Our results support the hypothesis that predators interact with resource availability to determine food-web structure.

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Nutrient Addition to Experimental Rocky Shore Communities Revisited: Delayed Responses, Rapid Recovery

Cited by 55 publications

References 60 publications

Macrophytes as habitat for fauna

Macrophytes as habitat for fauna

Ecology of freshwater shore zones

Cascading predator control interacts with productivity to determine the trophic level of biomass accumulation in a benthic food web

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