Nutrient Management Practices in Perennial Strawberry are Informed by Understanding the Relationships among Carbohydrate Status, Nitrogen Availability, and Soil Composition

Abstract

<jats:p>Strawberry (<jats:italic>Fragaria</jats:italic> ×<jats:italic>ananassa</jats:italic>) is a perennial plant with a compressed woody crown that responds to the environment in a similar way as other temperate fruit crops. Nutrient management practices are also similar, with a few exceptions. Levels of preplant amendments are determined based on soil test results, and are used to increase nutrient availability and modify pH as needed. Once plants are established, soil tests, coupled with foliar tissue analysis and observations of plant growth, are the best indicators of plant nutrient status and limitations. Drip irrigation is more efficient than granular applications for supplying soluble nutrients such as nitrogen (N). While most temperate fruit crops respond well to N in spring when growth resumes after winter, applications of spring N in strawberry can cause excessive vegetative growth, reduce fruit quality, and have only a marginal impact on yield. N is most efficiently taken up by plants when conditions favor root growth, and N applied in summer or fall is more effective at increasing yield the following spring, assuming that the carbohydrate status of the plant is good. However, if carbohydrate status is poor, supplemental N late in the season can reduce yield by requiring additional carbon (C) for N uptake. Many questions remain to better understand how to manage nutrients optimally in perennial strawberry.</jats:p>

Leaf Nutrient Status of Commercially Grown Strawberries in Latvia, 2014–2022: A Possible Yield-Limiting Factor

“…In monitoring plant nutrient status, tissue testing is considered to be one of the best tools for the management of the fertilization program. The obtained data are also comparable with established target concentrations for healthy strawberry leaves that have been reported by different authors worldwide [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Although experimental research on various issues relating to strawberry cultivation is ongoing worldwide, there is very little published data on the actual mineral nutritional status of commercially grown strawberry plantings [ 19 , 20 ].…”

“…Various early-season, mid-season, and late-season June-bearing varieties are cultivated to extend the harvest time. Most nutrient adequacy ranges refer to June cultivars and to the harvest period when leaf nutrient concentrations are more stable [ 15 , 17 , 18 ]. As leaf nutrient concentrations change throughout the season, certain sources in the literature also indicate pre-harvest sufficiency levels, which usually have slightly higher N, K, and Mg concentrations [ 26 ].…”

The Effects of Different Organomineral and Chemical Fertilizers on Fruit Yield, Fruit Quality and Plant Nutrient Uptake in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) Cultivation

“…Jones ve ark. (1991), yaprak analizleri açısında toplam azot yeterlilik düzeyini %2.50-4.00, Pritts (2015), toplam fosforu %0.25-0.40 arasında, toplam potasyumu %1.50-2.50 sınır değerleri arasında olduğunu bildirmişlerdir. Bizim bulgularımız verilen bu sınır değerleri arasında yer almıştır.…”

“…(2021) San Andreas çilek çeşidinde farklı dozlardaki solucan gübresi uygulamalarının çilek meyve verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerini inceledikleri araştırmalarında yapraklardaki demir miktarını 174.03 ile 191.08 mg kg -1 aralığında ve çinko miktarını 18.48 ile 24.89 mg kg -1 aralığında tespit etmişlerdir. Strik (2004) ve Pritts (2015), yapılan yaprak analizleri için toplam demir miktarı yeterlilik aralığını 60 ile 250 mg kg -1 , toplam çinko miktarı yeterlilik aralığını 20 ile 50 mg kg -1 , toplam bakır miktarı yeterlilik aralığını 6 ile 20 mg kg -1 , NCDA&CS (2017), toplam mangan miktarı yeterlilik aralığını 30 ile 300 mg kg -1 arasında bildirmişlerdir. Uygulamalarda elde edilen değerler belirtilen aralıklar ile uyumlu olup en yüksek demir ve mangan değeri Agronatura ve Agrosülfür organomineral gübresi uygulamasından elde edilmiştir.…”

Field and Post-Harvest Factors Affecting the Quality and Shelf Life of Soft Fruits

“…Deficiency of nitrogen in strawberry (content of nitrogen in leaves 1.9%) causes chlorosis of the leaves and a significant decrease in leaf area, yield and root size [18]. However, an excess of nitrogen (content of nitrogen in leaves 4%) promote vegetative growth, delays maturation, increase susceptibility to diseases and pathogen attack and causes a loss of firmness in the fruit [19,20]. Because of the general decrease in fruit quality, post-harvest handling could easily be affected.…”