“…Pilcher ( 1945), using the foaming-solvent method, without saponification and adsorbing extraneous pigments on Ca2HP04, found 0.01 to 0.12 mg as p-carotene per 100 g. Hinman et al (1947), using foaming solvent plus the A.O.A.C. chromatographic procedure, obtained 0.02-0.22 mg per 100 g, and Burger et al (1956), using essentially the same technique, found 0.003-0.014 mg per 100 g. Recently Joseph et al (1961), with the above method, found 1.3.5-3.20 mg per 100 g total carotenoids, and 0.02-0.17 mg per 100 g carotenes. Mackinney (1961) gives values for total carotenoids ranging from 0.44 to 3.4 mg per 100 g in several species and varieties of oranges.…”