Nutrition and Functions of Amino Acids in Fish

Important roles of amino acids in immune responses

“…In addition, we conducted some applied research in nutritional immunology, which includes dietary supplementation with functional AAs (e.g., arginine, glutamine, glycine, and proline) to: (a) enhance the production of antibodies by immunologically activated B-lymphocytes (34,35) , (b) Accepted manuscript reduce mortality in vaccine-immunized animals (36)(37)(38) and virus-infected rodents (39) , (c) alleviate immune-mediated intestinal and hepatic inflammation in endotoxin-treated animals (40) , and (d) improve the immunity, survival and growth of mice (41,42) and weanling piglets (31,32,43) . Our 2007 BJN paper also stimulated our interest in: (a) the role of bacterial AA metabolism in mammalian utero-placental inflammation and pregnancy outcomes (29,44,45) ; (b) dietary supplementation with proline to modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines at the placenta and fetus interface of mice (45) and enhance embryonic survival and growth (44) ; and (c) the use of AAs (e.g., glutamine, glutamate, and glycine) to enhance the intestinal immunity and survival of aquatic animals (e.g., fish, shrimp, and crabs) (11,(46)(47)(48)(49) . The use of functional AAs to improve the mucosal immunity and the survival of aquatic animals is critical for aquaculture (11,47,48) , because these species are continuously challenged in an environment rich in potential pathogens (50) .…”

“…Our 2007 BJN paper also stimulated our interest in: (a) the role of bacterial AA metabolism in mammalian utero-placental inflammation and pregnancy outcomes (29,44,45) ; (b) dietary supplementation with proline to modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines at the placenta and fetus interface of mice (45) and enhance embryonic survival and growth (44) ; and (c) the use of AAs (e.g., glutamine, glutamate, and glycine) to enhance the intestinal immunity and survival of aquatic animals (e.g., fish, shrimp, and crabs) (11,(46)(47)(48)(49) . The use of functional AAs to improve the mucosal immunity and the survival of aquatic animals is critical for aquaculture (11,47,48) , because these species are continuously challenged in an environment rich in potential pathogens (50) . Furthermore, to provide scientific rationale for the inclusion of protein feedstuffs in the diets of humans and farmed animals to improve their immunity and health, we established a muchneeded database of all proteinogenic AAs plus key nonproteinogenic AAs and nitrogenous nutrients in common foodstuffs for humans (including meat, wheat, and rice) (51,52) and animals (including feather meal, mucosal products, and poultry by-product meal (12,53,54) .…”

“…glutamine, glutamate and glycine) to enhance the intestinal immunity and survival of aquatic animals (e.g. fish, shrimp and crabs) (11,(46)(47)(48)(49) . The use of functional AA to improve the mucosal immunity and the survival of aquatic animals is critical for aquaculture (11,47,48) , because these species are continuously challenged in an environment rich in potential pathogens (50) .…”

“…fish, shrimp and crabs) (11,(46)(47)(48)(49) . The use of functional AA to improve the mucosal immunity and the survival of aquatic animals is critical for aquaculture (11,47,48) , because these species are continuously challenged in an environment rich in potential pathogens (50) . Furthermore, to provide scientific rationale for the inclusion of protein ingredients in the diets of humans and farmed animals to improve their immunity and health, we established a much-needed database of all proteinogenic AA plus key non-proteinogenic AA and nitrogenous nutrients in common foodstuffs for humans (including meat, wheat and rice) (51,52) and animals (including feather meal, insect meal, mucosal products and poultry by-product meal) (12,53,54) .…”

Amino acids in nutrition, health, and disease

“…Papers published in the special issue of Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark entitled "Amino Acids in Nutrition, Health, and Disease" have laid a framework for subsequent studies in this expanding research field. Examples include AA nutrition and metabolism in swine [46][47][48], cattle [49][50][51], sheep [52][53][54], poultry [55][56][57], fish [58][59][60][61][62][63], crustaceans [64], and humans [65][66][67], as well as intestinal microbial AA metabolism [68,69] and the modulation of proline metabolism for cancer therapy [70][71][72]. In addition, a much-needed database of all proteinogenic AAs plus key nonproteinogenic AAs and nitrogenous nutrients in common foodstuffs for humans and farm animals have recently been established [73][74][75].…”