Nutrition and metabolism in poultry: role of lipids in early diet

Abstract

Modern strains of broiler chickens are selected for fast growth and are marketed anywhere from 36 to 49 days after a 21-day incubational period. For a viable healthy chick, all the necessary nutrients required for growth and development must be provided by the hen through the fertilized egg. The current feeding strategies for improved growth, health and productivity are targeted towards chicks after hatching. Considering the fact that developing chick embryo spends over 30 % of its total life span inside the hatching egg relying on nutrients deposited by the breeder hen, investigations on nutritional needs during pre-hatch period will improve embryonic health, hatchability and chick viability. In this context, investigations on hatching egg lipid quality is of utmost importance because, during incubation, egg fat is the major source of energy and sole source of essential omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids to the chick embryo. Due to the unique roles of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in growth, immune health, and development of central nervous system, this review will focus on the role of early exposure to essential fatty acids through maternal diet and hatching egg and its impact on progeny in meat-type broiler chickens.

Thymol feed supplementation in quail alters the percentages of nutritionally relevant egg yolk fatty acids: effects throughout incubation

“…present as docosahexaenoic acid in the yolk) at supporting the deposition of docosahexaenoic acid in nerve tissue of the developing embryo . Consequently, it could be positive to the developing embryo that THY supplementation herein has increased not only the proportion of α ‐linolenic acid but also that of docosahexaenoic acid as well as arachidonic acid, considering the benefits of the incorporation of these essential FA for the functional and structural development of the avian embryo …”

“…2,43 Consequently, it could be positive to the developing embryo that THY supplementation herein has increased not only the proportion of -linolenic acid but also that of docosahexaenoic acid as well as arachidonic acid, considering the benefits of the incorporation of these essential FA for the functional and structural development of the avian embryo. 1,44 Independently of the diet provided to parental birds, several authors have reported evidence of preferential absorption of both arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids from yolk lipids, specifically from TG and PL, during chick embryo formation. 1,3,4,6,45 This process would occur at a higher rate in the early stage of development where FA deposition is in structural fats.…”

NMR‐based differentiation of conventionally from organically produced chicken eggs in Germany

“…[4] However, the composition may vary specifically depending on the hens' feed. There are already many studies dealing with the influence of feed on the yolk fat composition, such as linseed-enriched feed, [5] or the effect of chia, fish oil, and linseed-enriched feed [6] or special preparations with PUFA. [7] The production of chicken eggs is not only characterized by the feed but also the housing system is of considerable interest with many different housing systems being available.…”

Isı Stresi Altında Enerji Kaynakları ve Seviyelerinin Sekum Mikrobiyal Popülasyonuna, Jejunum Morfolojisine, Jejunal Transporterlerin (SGLT1, FABP) Gen Ekspresyonuna ve Broiler Performansına Etkileri

“…These traits are more dependent on the intestine health to assimilate nutrients efficiently as the bird shifts from the lipid-rich yolk as the main source of energy to a carbohydratebased diet [30] . To improve the health and performance, addition of lipids to diet in the early life of chicks and later was recommended by many researchers [31][32][33] . In stress condition, plasma corticosterone level tends to increase and this hormone has negative effect on intestinal morphology and consequently performance [34] .…”