Nutrition of the Developing Embryo and Hatchling

Abstract

Nutrient needs central to satisfactory egg incubation well-being undergo several major changes from fertilization until the reliance of the chick on feed. Glucose is central, with the initiation of incubation until the chorioallantois accesses O(2) to use for fatty acid oxidation. Nutrient recovery from albumen and yolk is largely commensurate with body assembly through to completion of the embryo by 14 d. Remaining albumen mixes with the amniotic fluid and is orally consumed until initiation of emergence. A portion of the albumen is absorbed by the small intestine to expand body glycogen reserves. The residual not absorbed contains digestive enzyme contributions and enters the yolk sac through its stalk at the jejunum and ileum. Interaction of the albumen-amnion digestive enzyme mixture with yolk sac contents leads to diverse alterations that influence subsequent use of lipids. Rapid removal of very low-density lipoprotein ensues, until pipping with triglycerides, expanding body fat depots while cholesterol deposits in the liver. A concurrent translocation of Ca from shell mineralizes the skeletal system while also crossing yolk sac villi for deposition on phosvitin-based granules accruing in its lumen. Loss of chorioallantois with pipping and the start of pulmonary respiration predispose a dependence on glycolysis to support emergence. Small intestinal villi progressively reorient their enterocytes from macromolecule transfer to competence at digestion and absorption after hatching. Mobilization of body fat complements contributions from the yolk sac to provide fatty acids for generating energy, heat, and water while also combining with hepatic cholesterol for membrane expansion and continued development. Calcified granules evacuate the yolk sac to further skeletal mineralization in the absence of shell contributions. Egg mass, its interior quality, and turning during early incubation directly influence the ability of the embryo to access nutrients and provide resources to support emergence and the transition of the chick to self-sufficiency.

Effect of Non-Starch Polysaccharide (NSP) of Wheat and Barley Supplemented with Exogenous Enzyme Blend on Growth Performance, Gut Microbial, Pancreatic Enzyme Activities, Expression of Glucose Transporter (SGLT1) and Mucin Producer (MUC2) Genes of Broiler Chickens

“…The supply of nutrients and absorption of carbohydrates in the early growth period of the chickens has an important role in the normal development of intestinal tissue, mucus layer of the intestinal absorptive cells and other relevant events in the intestine (Uni et al, 1998;Tako et al, 2004;Moran, 2007).…”

Growth of embryo and gene expression of nutrient transporters in the small intestine of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia)

“…During embryonic development, nutrition from yolk, digestive tract or blood was stored, absorbed and transformed in the liver and then passed into other organs to utilize. However, in the final stage of incubation, β-oxidation of fatty acids cannot provide the energy needed for embryonic development (Tazawa et al, 1983;Moran, 2007). Therefore, the development of embryos was mainly driven by glucose metabolism, such as gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis, which can explain the reason for the relative liver weight increasing rapidly near the end of incubation.…”

“…At the first third of incubation (first week of incubation), the germ, chorionic sac, and allantoic cavity are established. Embryo completion is formed through the second third (from Day 8 to Day14), and the embryo development is prepared for emergence and hatching in the final stage of incubation (from Day 15 to the day of hatch (DOH)) (Moran, 2007). In the last 2 to 3 d of incubation, the residual yolk, as a nutritional source, reaches the small intestine via the yolk stalk (Noy and Sklan, 1998).…”

Yumurta İçi (İn Ovo) Propolis Enjeksiyonunun ve Enjeksiyon Yerinin Kuluçka Randımanı, Civciv Çıkış Ağırlığı ve Yaşama Gücüne Etkileri

“…İn ovo besleme uygulamalarında civciv çıkış gücünün düşmesi, uygulama hatasından ve özellikle düşük kaliteli embriyoların dışarıdan gelen besin maddelerine yeterli adaptasyon gösterememesinden kaynaklanabilir. Gerçekten de, in ovo besleme sonrası embriyoda bir takım fizyolojik ve metabolik değişikliklerin meydana geldiği (Christensen ve ark., 2001;Moran, 2007) ve bu aşamadaki herhangi bir aksaklığın embriyonun ve yeni çıkmış civcivin yaşama gücünü olumsuz etkilediği belirlenmiştir (Collin ve ark., 2007;Leksrisompong ve ark., 2007). Çıkış öncesi dönemdeki en önemli fizyolojik ve metabolik işlemlerden ilki glikoz homeostasisinin korunması, ikinci ise inkübasyonun sonuna doğru, sindirim sisteminde yoğun morfolojik, hücresel ve moleküler değişimlerin meydana gelmesidir (Foye ve ark., 2007).…”