Nutrition of the milk-fed calf

Khouri, R.H.; Pickering, F. S.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1969.10421235

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Over the whole period of the trial an average of 1.47 kg of milk powder was required per kg live-weight gain for the calves housed indoors and 1.41 for the lean-to calves. As reported by Khouri and Pickering (1969), little growth occurred during the first 2 weeks of the trial. The mean growth rate was 0.91 kg/day for the calves fed indoors and 0.96 kg/day for the calves fed in the lean-to.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…Calves on both treatments were fed a reconstituted commercial milk powder (Denkavit) prepared for calf rearing, at intakes approaching 2% of body weight (Khouri and Pickering 1969). Analyses of 4 samples of the powder (dry matter 95.3%) indicated little variation in composition: on a D.M.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barton points out that in some countries great care is taken to see that iron and copper are absent from the calves' diets and surroundings, and they are kept individually in small pens in temperature-controlled, draughtproofed houses. Pickering (1968, 1969) commented on their own and other evidence which showed that milk-fed calves developed an iron deficiency anaemia unless the diet is supplemented with iron and copper. The best-fed calves of Khouri and Pickering (1968) gained 0.75 kg/day from birth to slaughter at 14 weeks, whereas calves supplemented with minerals (Khouri and Pickering 1969) gained 1IP to 1.1 kg/day from birth to 16 weeks, a growth rate considered desirable by Barton (1964a, b) if white-veal calves are to be slaughtered at young ages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

Kirton

Khouri

Crane

1972

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Forty-two Friesian bull calves were allocated to two treatments; the animals in one group were individually penned and fed indoors. and those in the other were penned in groups of seven under a lean-to on wooden shavings. The calves were fed reconstituted commercial milk powder for 12 weeks and were then slaughtered.The feed intake and carcass growth of the calves on both treatments were very similar, but the lean-to calves were 5 kg heavier in starved live weight at slaughter, largely because of increased gastrointestinal fill resulting from eating wood shavings. The cut-out data on the carcasses indicated similar composition for the two treatments, with the exception that the calves fed indoors had a higher proportion of perinephric and channel fat, and a slightly greater fat cover and a lower eye muscle area than the lean-to calves.Blood haemoglobin and muscle colour and pigment measurements showed that the calves were not anemic, but the m, longissimus dorsi was very pale. The necessity for anaemia in order to produce white veal of suitable muscle colour is questioned.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

Kirton

Khouri

Crane

1972

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…In addition, the Friesian calves were on average heavier than typical neonatal tropically-adapted calves, and absolute growth efficiencies were applied to the model without adjustment for metabolic weight. The milk solids composition of Khouri and Pickering (1968)'s study may differ from milk of tropically-adapted beef cows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Therefore the assumption the efficiency of conversion of milk to live-weight is similar in Bos taurus(on which the model is based; Khouri and Pickering, 1968) is likely satisfied in principle. The calves of Khouri and Pickering (1968) were Friesians, and were studied for two weeks, and therefore the efficiencies of growth per milk solid consumption may not be accurate for neonatal tropically adapted calves. In addition, the Friesian calves were on average heavier than typical neonatal tropically-adapted calves, and absolute growth efficiencies were applied to the model without adjustment for metabolic weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dehydration as a risk factor for calf mortality in northern Australia

Muller¹

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It is estimated that approximately one million calves die in Australia every year, with the majority unexplained. This thesis reviews losses associated with dehydration-mediated mortality during neonatal life, when there is highest risk of mortality, and reports three studies of neonatal calf dehydration.For 12 neonatal Brahman calves at Spyglass research site (northern forest land type, Queensland), variation in hydration status was investigated (Experiment 1). Change in live-weight from birth was used as the primary measure of hydration. Half of this cohort had low live weight gain between birth and day 3 of life (p = 0.01) compared to calves growing at 0.95±0.24 kg/day from birth. Low growth and associated reduced plasma protein (p = 0.04) in 6 calves indicated reduced colostrum, milk uptake and therefore reduced body fluid replenishment compared to other calves. This positions them at high risk of mortality under adverse environmental conditions. Urea space was tested as a measure of body water; however, percentage body water estimates were unrealistically elevated (> 80% of live weight) and therefore not representative of actual calf percentage body water.Descriptive analysis of risk factors for calf mortality was conducted for 478 and 378 tropically adapted newborn calves, respectively at Spyglass and Brian Pastures (southern forest land type, central Queensland) research sites (Experiment 2). The incidence risk of neonatal mortality in the southern forest of Queensland and northern forest of Queensland was 3.1% and 4.7%, respectively. Some risk factors and the percentage of calves exposed to high mortality risk included: dam body condition score ≤2 (8%), birth weight ≤28 kg (18%), low birth vigour (2%), large udder size (1%), at least two large teats (2%) and poor maternal protectiveness (5%). The low proportion of cows in poor body condition and good nutritional management limited the opportunity for dehydration-mediated neonatal mortality. There were no cases of prolonged heat stress around calving at the level previously associated with foetal and calf mortality. Experiment 2 indicates that low calf mortality may be achieved in any country type, provided that a low proportion of calves are exposed to high risk of mortality. A simple mechanistic model was developed to describe milk uptake volumes and ambient temperature (heat stress) impacts on neonatal hydration. This model provided clarification for the possible risk of dehydration mediated mortality across breeding herds of northern Australia.This thesis demonstrated variation in milk delivery, modelled that low milk delivery is associated with dehydration-mediated mortality and demonstrated that risk of mortality is low at a herd level when the risk factors associated with reduced milk delivery have low frequency.3

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The effect of changes in concentrations of dry matter, and of fat and protein in milk substitute diets for veal calves

Stobo¹,

Roy²,

Ganderton³

1979

J. Agric. Sci.

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The effect of a gradual increase in dry-matter concentration from 140 g/kg (LD diets) to a maximum of 215 g/kg (HD diets), and the effect of an increase in fat concentration from 225 g/kg D.M. and reduction in protein concentration from 298 g/kg D.M. (LF diets) to 254 g fat and 211 g protein/kg D.M. respectively (HF diets) was examined with 32 Friesian bull calves in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. Milk substitutes were offered ad libitum in two feeds daily from 2 days of age. The dietary changes were first introduced at 7 weeks of age and differences became progressively greater as further changes were made at 9, 11 and 13 weeks. The calves were slaughtered at 16 weeks of age.Dry-matter intake for calves given the HD diets increased faster with age after 7 weeks than that for calves given the LD diets. For the period 7-16 weeks, calves given the HD diets consumed 17 % more D.M. than those given the LD diets and had a 13 % greater rate of live-weight gain (1-57 v. 1-39 kg/day), although most of the increase in weight gain occurred between 9 and 13 weeks of age.There was no significant effect on D.M. intake or on live-weight gain of altering the fat and protein concentrations in the milk substitute, although feed conversion ratio (kg D.M. intake/kg weight gain) was higher for the HF than for the LF diets. Apparent digestibility of D.M., crude protein and fat were reduced with the HF diets, but the efficiency of retention of the digested nitrogen was improved.During the second and third weeks of life, D.M. intake reached a peak at approximately 67 g/kg 0 ' 75 and subsequently declined to stabilize at about 56 g/kg 0 " 78 . However, a gradual increase in concentration of the milk substitute from 140 to 215 g D.M./ kg increased intake to about 62 g D.M./kg 075 . The results clearly indicate that, at a dietary concentration of 140 g D.M./kg, maximum D.M. intake cannot be achieved because the volume of fluid that needs to be ingested exceeds the capacity of the digestive system. In contrast, at reconstitution rates increasing from 140 to 215 g D.M./ kg, distension of the stomach becomes less important and physiological and metabolic factors seem to assume a greater role in the control of feed intake.

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Nutrition of the milk-fed calf

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

A study of housing conditions necessary for white veal production

Dehydration as a risk factor for calf mortality in northern Australia

The effect of changes in concentrations of dry matter, and of fat and protein in milk substitute diets for veal calves

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