Nutritional adequacy of diets containing growing up milks or unfortified cow's milk in Irish children (aged 12–24 months)

Abstract

BackgroundGrowing up milks (GUM) are milk-based drinks with added vitamins and minerals intended for children aged 12–36 months. Few data are available on the consumption of GUM and their role in the diets of young children.ObjectiveTo determine the nutritional adequacy of two groups of 12–24-month-old Irish children by type of milk consumption (consumers or non-consumers of GUM).DesignUsing data from a cross-sectional study of Irish children, the National Pre-School Nutrition Survey (2010–2011), two groups of children were defined. The groups included children aged 12–24 months with an average daily total milk intake of at least 300 g and consuming GUM (≥100 g/day) together with cow's milk (n=29) or cow's milk only (n=56).ResultsWhile average total daily energy intakes were similar in both consumers and non-consumers of GUM, intakes of protein, saturated fat, and vitamin B12 were lower and intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fibre, iron, zinc, vitamins C and D were higher in consumers of GUM. These differences in nutrient intakes are largely attributable to the differences in composition between GUM and cow's milk. For both consumers and non-consumers of GUM, intakes of carbohydrate and fat were generally in line with recommendations while intakes of protein, dietary fibre and most micronutrients were adequate. For children consuming cow's milk only, high proportions had inadequate intakes of iron and vitamin D; however, these proportions were much lower in consumers of GUM.ConclusionsConsumption of GUM reduced the risk of inadequacies of iron and vitamin D, two nutrients frequently lacking in the diets of young children consuming unfortified cow's milk only.

Theoretical Impact of Replacing Whole Cow's Milk by Young-Child Formula on Nutrient Intakes of UK Young Children: Results of a Simulation Study

“…Two recently conducted observational studies compared the nutritional intakes of young children (1-2 years old) consuming YCF with those consuming cow's milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed or whole) [24,25]. Both studies showed that a relatively high proportion of cow's milk consumers had inadequate intakes of iron and vitamin D, and in one of the studies vitamin C, linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid also [25].…”

Composition of Follow-Up Formula for Young Children Aged 12-36 Months: Recommendations of an International Expert Group Coordinated by the Nutrition Association of Thailand and the Early Nutrition Academy

“…Data on nutrient intakes and biochemical status in young children aged 12-36 months from 19 countries were reviewed by the expert group [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. They are obtained from both national surveys and cross-sectional community-based surveys in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam), Australia, New Zealand, Europe (France, Ireland and Norway), Africa (Cameroon and South Africa), North America (Canada, Mexico and USA) and South America (Brazil).…”

Enriched Milk Drinks for Vitamin Deficiency Correction in Toddlers and Preschoolers

“…В Ирландии (National Pre-School Nutrition Survey, 2010-2011) было проведено исследование питания детей в воз-расте 12-24 мес: среднесуточное общее потребление молока у них составило не менее 300 г, 29 детей потре-бляли напитки-последующие формулы для детей младшего возраста (FUF-YC) по 100 г/сут вместе с коровьим моло-ком, 56 детей -только коровье молоко [41]. Оказалось, что у детей, потреблявших обогащенные напитки, статисти-чески значимо ниже было поступление белка (38,1 против 43,7 г), насыщенных жиров (13,5 против 17,8 г) и вита-мина B 12 (3,6 против 5,4 мкг), а потребление углеводов (134,6 против 123,2 г), пищевых волокон (13,2 против 10,2 г), железа (10,4 против 5,9 мг), цинка (7,3 против 5,1 мг), витаминов С (118 против 58 мг) и D (9,2 и 2,1 мкг), наоборот, было выше.…”