Nutritional Evaluation of Sago of Gebang Tree (Corypha utan Lamk) from Different Locations in West Timor - Indonesia for Broilers

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of sago from different locations in West Timor, Indonesia for broilers. Experiment I aimed at determining the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nutrient digestibility of sago from different locations. A total of 120 broilers (unsexed, age 21 d) were randomly distributed to 24 metabolic cages (5 birds/cage). The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental diets were a basal diet (maize-soy) and 5 treatment diets which were a mixture of basal ration (75%) and sago (25%) from different locations. Experiment II was about performance trials. Two different basal diets were formulated, supplemented with synbiotics and fed to 200 birds (unsexed, 10 birds/pen). The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial CRD. With the exception of phytate and phenol contents, the results showed that the location affected (p<0.05 to 0.01) the contents of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, tannins, NDF, ADF, flavonoids, AME/n, and starch digestibility of sago. The location did not affect (p>0.05) ash, crude fat, starch, Ca, P, and gross energy contents of sago. Basal diets affected (p<0.05 to 0.001) all performance traits. Except for BWG, synbiotics did not affect (p>0.05) the performance of the birds. In conclusion, the nutrient composition and digestibility of sago are affected by locations. Sago is rich in starch and high in AME values, but poor sources of calcium, phosphor, and protein. Sago contains fiber, tannin, phytate, flavonoids, and phenol. Sago diets improved the performance of broilers. Synbiotics did not improve the performance of birds.

Exposure and risk characterizations of ochratoxins A and aflatoxins through maize (Zea mays) consumed in different agro-ecological zones of Ghana

“…In this study, a range of 0–97.51 μg/kg (mean 48.76 μg/kg) of ochratoxins was obtained and were comparable to other previous studies globally. Nalle et al 57 reported a mean value of 20.385 μg/kg in corn grains and corn products from different sources in West Timor, Indonesia. Kamala et al 58 reported a range of 16–73 μg/kg OTA concentration in maize samples from Tanzania.…”

Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broilers fed different type of diets and feed additives

“…Gross energy. The gross energy (GE) content of samples was determined using an automatic Bomb Calorimeter (IKA C2000) based on the method described by Nalle et al (2021) as follows: weighed 1 gram of the ground sample and placed in a dish. As many as 10 cm threads were tied to the fuse wire and positioned under the ground sample.…”

“…The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of sago was 18.9-26.7% (Nalle et al, 2017(Nalle et al, , 2019; while, the NDF content of rice bran was 61.7%. The phytic acid content of rice bran was 50.5-84.8 g/kg DM (Garcia et al, 2012;Kaur et al, 2011); while in sago was reported 30,61 g/kg (Nalle et al, 2019(Nalle et al, , 2021.…”

“…Nalle et al (2017) reported that sago could be included in broiler diets up to 200 g/kg with no detrimental effects. However, sago also contains fiber and several antinutritional factors such as tannin, phytic acid, and flavonoids which could impair growth rate, digestive tract development, and nutrient digestibility (Nalle et al 2021;Nalle et al, 2019). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of sago was 18.9-26.7% (Nalle et al, 2017(Nalle et al, , 2019; while, the NDF content of rice bran was 61.7%.…”

“…The nutritional improvement of diets containing sago and rice bran through the fermentation process and different feed additives are limited (Nalle et al, 2019(Nalle et al, , 2020(Nalle et al, , 2021. Based on the above explanation, corn, soybean meal, sago, and rice bran contain fiber and anti-nutritional factors which may reduce nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, and production performance of broilers (Selle et al, 2000;Bao et al, 2013).…”