Education is an important aspect in nation building. However, educational attainment in Indonesia at present has not yet reached the best quality of education. Various policies in an effort to improve the quality of education have been carried out by the government and are still continuing. National Education Standards (SNP) are minimum criteria regarding various relevant aspects in the implementation of the national education system and must be met by education providers and/or units throughout the jurisdiction of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. National Education Standards serve as the basis for planning, implementing, and supervising education in the context of realizing quality national education. National Education Standards aim to ensure the quality of national education in the context of educating the nation's life and shaping the character and civilization of a dignified nation. National Education Standards are refined in a planned, directed, and sustainable manner in accordance with the changing demands of local, national, and global life. There are eight National Education Standards, namely: Content Standards, Process Standards, Educators and Education Personnel Standards, Facilities and Infrastructure Standards, Management Standards, Financing Standards, and Educational Assessment Standards.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of sago from different locations in West Timor, Indonesia for broilers. Experiment I aimed at determining the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nutrient digestibility of sago from different locations. A total of 120 broilers (unsexed, age 21 d) were randomly distributed to 24 metabolic cages (5 birds/cage). The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications. The experimental diets were a basal diet (maize-soy) and 5 treatment diets which were a mixture of basal ration (75%) and sago (25%) from different locations. Experiment II was about performance trials. Two different basal diets were formulated, supplemented with synbiotics and fed to 200 birds (unsexed, 10 birds/pen). The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial CRD. With the exception of phytate and phenol contents, the results showed that the location affected (p<0.05 to 0.01) the contents of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber, tannins, NDF, ADF, flavonoids, AME/n, and starch digestibility of sago. The location did not affect (p>0.05) ash, crude fat, starch, Ca, P, and gross energy contents of sago. Basal diets affected (p<0.05 to 0.001) all performance traits. Except for BWG, synbiotics did not affect (p>0.05) the performance of the birds. In conclusion, the nutrient composition and digestibility of sago are affected by locations. Sago is rich in starch and high in AME values, but poor sources of calcium, phosphor, and protein. Sago contains fiber, tannin, phytate, flavonoids, and phenol. Sago diets improved the performance of broilers. Synbiotics did not improve the performance of birds.

AbstrakAngka Kematian Bayi di Indonesia adalah 35/1000 kelahiran hidup berada di posisi keenam di negara Asean. Salah satu upaya yang efisien untuk menurunkan angka kematian tersebut adalah pemberian ASI eksklusif yang memperlihatkan tren yang menurun, pada tahun 1997, (40,2%), 2002 (39,5%) dan 2007 (32%). Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji kebijakan pemerintah memenuhi hak anak terhadap ASI. Metode yang digunakan melakukan telaah berbagai studi tentang kebijakan dan perundangan ASI di dunia dan di Indonesia,pada periode 2000-2007. Angka ASI eksklusif di dunia sangat bervariasi dan tidak berbanding lurus dengan kemajuan suatu negara. Jepang dan Inggris adalah contoh negara maju dengan angka ASI eksklusif yang rendah. Susu formula, sosial budaya dan wanita bekerja menjadi alasan pemakaian susu formula yang rendah. Di Indonesia, kasus balita gizi buruk pada tahun 1989, (75/10.000) dan pada tahun 2002 (70,3/ 10.000) memperlihatkan tren penurunan yang rendah. Meskipun manfaat ASI dirasakan oleh semua pihak, tetapi angka pemberian ASI masih tergolong rendah, sementara pemasaran susu formula, sosial budaya, dan wanita bekerja tidak mendukung pemberian ASI. Di Indonesia hanya ada 2 keputusan menteri kesehatan (237/1997 dan 450/2004) yang mengatur pemberian ASI. Kebijakan yang ada belum mampu mengatasi angka pemberian ASI yang rendah. Disarankan untuk meningkatkan status hukum kebijakan yang ada dan mengupayakan peningkatan komitmen.Kata kunci : ASI eksklusif, kebijakan, susu formula. AbstractInfant mortality rate in Indonesia (35/1000 life birth) is one of the poorest (ranked number six) among ASEAN countries. One known efficient measure for reducing the infant mortality rate is exclusive breast feeding (EBF) which in fact showing a decreasing trend (40.2% in 1997, 39.5% in 2002 and 32.0% in 2007). The objective of this article is to evaluate government policy regarding the fulfillment of child's rights to get adequate breastfeeding. The method used is by literature review of studies about breast feeding policy and regulations in the world and in Indonesia, during the period of 2000-2007. The EBF rates in the word are varied and not related to the developmental level of the country. Japan and England are examples of developed countries with low EBF rate. Formula milk, sosio-cultural, and working women are the most reasons of the low rate of EBF. In Indonesia, the cases of malnutrition among children under five years in 1989 (75/10.000) and in 2002 (70, 3/ 10.000 showed a decreasing trend. Although the benefit of the breastfeeding is known by almost all people, but the EBF rate is still low. Meanwhile, formula milk marketing, sosio-cultural aspects, and the phenomenon of increasing number of working women do not support EBF. In Indonesia, there are only two ministry regulations (237/1997 and 450/2004) that regulated EBF. The existing policies are not strong enough to solve the problem of low EBF rate. It is suggested to improve the legal aspects including policy and regulations as well as improvement in government commitmen...

Background and aimCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic spreading worldwide. Limited studies showed that smokers were at higher risk of having severe complications and higher mortality. This study aims to analyze the possible correlation between adult tobacco smoking prevalence and COVID-19 mortality all over the world.MethodsThis is a correlation study, we conducted a linear regression to analyse the correlation between smoking prevalence data in adults and COVID-19 Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) in countries with 1000 confirmed COVID-19 cases on May 3, 2020.ResultsSeventy-five country included with median CFR 3.66%. There are no relationships between adult male or female smoking prevalence with COVID-19 mortality in all over the countries. The multivariate analysis showed p-values of 0.823 and 0.910 for male and female smoking prevalence respectively. However, in lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), there is a positive correlation between the prevalence of adult male smoking with the lethality of COVID-19. Each percentage point increase in adult male smoking prevalence caused a CFR of COVID-19 increase by 0.08% (95% CI 0.00%-0.15%, p=0.041).ConclusionsA correlation was found between the prevalence of adult male smoking and the CFR of COVID-19 in lower middle-income countries. Based on these findings, strengthening tobacco control policies is needed to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic especially in LMIC. Further researches are still needed.

Abstrak Cakupan ASI eksklusif di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Mampang Prapatan masih rendah, sementara pendidikan tentang ASI eksklusif kepada masyarakat harus terus dilakukan karena dapat memberikan informasi penting untuk calon ibu dan keluarga. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui dukungan tenaga kesehatan terhadap perilaku pemberian ASI eksklusif pada Ibu bayi usia 0-5 bulan 29 hari di Posyandu Wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Mampang Prapatan. Penelitian dengan disain cross sectional ini dilakukan terhadap 250 ibu bayi yang terdaftar di Posyandu yang diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur pada bulan November–Desember 2017. Berdasarkan hasil analisis multiple cox regression didapatkan bahwa peluang kelompok ibu yang mendapatkan dukungan tenaga kesehatan dengan baik untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif adalah 1,6 (CI 95% 1,02-2,34) kali dibandingkan dengan kelompok ibu yang kurang mendapatkan dukungan dari tenaga kesehatan. Disimpulkan bahwa Ibu yang mendapatkan 4 atau lebih dari 5 perlakuan diantaranya konseling ASI saat ANC, dilakukan IMD, dirawat gabung bersama bayi, bayinya tidak diberikan makanan dan minuman selain ASI selama masa perawatan, serta ibu pernah mendapatkan penyuluhan, maka peluangnya untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ibu yang hanya mendapatkan 0-3 perlakuan tersebut. Diharapkan kepada penyedia layanan kesehatan Ibu dan anak dapat menetapkan kebijakan terkait pelayanan manajemen laktasi. Kata kunci: Dukungan Tenaga Kesehatan, ASI Eksklusif, Posyandu Abstract The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Mampang Prapatan Public Health Center was still low. Meanwhile, education about exclusive breastfeeding to the community should continue to be done because it can provide important information for prospective mothers and families. Then conducted a study to determine the support of health workers to exclusive breastfeeding on the mother of the baby aged 0-5 months 29 days in Posyandu Mampang Prapatan Public Health Center. This cross sectional study was conducted on 250 infant mothers enrolled at Posyandu who were interviewed using structured questionnaire in November-December 2017. Based on data analysis with multiple cox regression, it was found that the opportunity of maternal group that get good health support to give exclusive breastfeeding is 1,547 (95% CI 1.023-2,339) times bigger than those group of mothers who get less support from health worker. It can be concluded that if the mothers get 4 or more of 5 treatments such as breastfeeding counseling during ANC, early breastfeeding initiation, treated together with baby, the baby is not given any food and drink other than breastmilk during the treatment period, and the mother has got counseling, the possibility to give exclusive breastfeeding greater than mothers who only get 0-3 of these treatments. It was expected that health providers can establish policies related to lactation management services. Keywords: Health Workers Support, Exclusive Breastfeeding , Posyandu