Nutritional Formulae for Infants and Young Children

Quantitative Phosphoproteome of Infant Formula: New Insights into the Difference of Phosphorylation in Milk Proteins between Bovine and Goat Species

“…As the protein composition of human breast milk differs from that of bovine or goat milk, for example, human breast milk contains ∼3 times less protein than bovine or goat milk, at 9–11 g/L . In addition, the ratio of whey to casein in human breast milk is 60:40 compared to 20:80 in bovine or goat milk, − so the protein content of infant formulae and the ratio of whey to casein is usually adjusted to be more similar to human breast milk by adding skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC). , Despite this, there are differences in the composition of human milk and infant formula, including the relative abundance of whey protein and casein in individual milk.…”

“…As the protein composition of human breast milk differs from that of bovine or goat milk, for example, human breast milk contains ∼3 times less protein than bovine or goat milk, at 9–11 g/L . In addition, the ratio of whey to casein in human breast milk is 60:40 compared to 20:80 in bovine or goat milk, − so the protein content of infant formulae and the ratio of whey to casein is usually adjusted to be more similar to human breast milk by adding skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC). , Despite this, there are differences in the composition of human milk and infant formula, including the relative abundance of whey protein and casein in individual milk. For instance, α-lactalbumin (1.9–3.4 g/L) was the most abundant whey protein in human milk and β-lactoglobulins was almost undetectable, whereas β-lactoglobulins was the most abundant whey protein in both bovine (3.2–3.3 g/L) and goat milk (1.5–5.0 g/L). , Furthermore, human milk contains relatively highly abundant lactoferrin (1.5–2.0 g/L), while bovine (0.02–0.5 g/L) and goat milk (0.02–0.2 g/L) contain relatively lower abundance. , …”

Influence of protein content and profile on the processing characteristics and physical properties of model infant formula powders

“…Despite significant differences between human milk and bovine milk, mainly with respect to the protein, carbohydrate and ash constituents, bovine milk fractions and derivatives are commonly used in the manufacture of infant formula (Nasirpour et al 2006). Skim milk powder (SMP), whole milk powder (WMP) and/or milk protein concentrate (MPC) typically contribute the casein component of infant Formulas, while demineralised whey powder (DWP), whey protein concentrate (WPC) and/or whey protein isolate (WPI) ingredients typically contribute whey proteins (Montagne et al 2008;McCarthy et al 2012;McSweeney et al 2013;Buggy et al 2016). These ingredients contribute to the protein content and profile of infant Formulas, which may be adjusted dependent on product category.…”

“…plate/tubular heat exchanger) or direct (e.g. steam injection/infusion) heat treatment (Montagne et al 2008;McSweeney et al 2013;Murphy et al 2013).…”

Self-association of bovine β-casein as influenced by calcium chloride, buffer type and temperature

“…Caseins consist of four different casein molecules: α s1 -, α s2 -, βand κ-casein in the ratio 4:1:4:1 (Fox & McSweeney, 2003). In human milk, β-casein (β-CN) constitutes 65% of total casein, which is almost twice that of bovine milk (McSweeney, O'Regan, & O'Callaghan, 2013). β-CN is the major calcium-binding protein in human milk and can efficiently transport inorganic calcium and phosphate to the neonate (Farrell Jr., 1999).…”