Nutritional Ketosis and photobiomodulation remediate mitochondria warding off Alzheimer’s disease in a diabetic, ApoE4+ patient with mild cognitive impairment: A case report

Horner, Steven; Berger, Lindsey; Gibas, Kelly J.

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101777

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Despite current studies about mitophagic control, some important issues are required to be addressed. First, ApoE4 participates in diverse mitophagic signaling pathways at various processes in direct or indirect manners (Horner et al, 2020 ; Schmukler et al, 2020 ; Yin et al, 2020 ; Liang et al, 2021b ; Qi et al, 2021 ; Eran and Ronit, 2022 ). Taking the cross talk among these signaling pathways into account, it is proposed to further study the interconnected interactions between different pathways, and distinguish which of them plays a predominant role in the pathological consequences of ApoE4.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given its significance in various physiological processes, mitophagy has been barged to the forefront of AD researches after being studied for years. ApoE isoforms have been reported to have multiple effects of mitochondrial dysfunction, and mitophagy and ApoE4 seem to have negative impacts on diverse physiological processes (Chang et al, 2005 ; Chen et al, 2011 ; Orr et al, 2019 ; Horner et al, 2020 ; Schmukler et al, 2020 ; Yin et al, 2020 ; Liang et al, 2021b ; Qi et al, 2021 ; Eran and Ronit, 2022 ). Many issues remain ambiguous and seem appealling for further investigations, however, both the functional and mechanistic multiformity of ApoE4 effects of mitophagy have emerged and been extensively enlightened in AD pathogenesis (Chen et al, 2011 ; Palikaras et al, 2017 ; Simonovitch et al, 2019 ; Schmukler et al, 2020 ; Sohn et al, 2021 ; Eran and Ronit, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of ApoE4 Interference Targeting Mitophagy Molecular Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major worldwide causes of dementia that is characterized by irreversible decline in learning, memory loss, and behavioral impairments. Mitophagy is selective autophagy through the clearance of aberrant mitochondria, specifically for degradation to maintain energy generation and neuronal and synaptic function in the brain. Accumulating evidence shows that defective mitophagy is believed to be as one of the early and prominent features in AD pathogenesis and has drawn attention in the recent few years. APOE ε4 allele is the greatest genetic determinant for AD and is widely reported to mediate detrimental effects on mitochondria function and mitophagic process. Given the continuity of the physiological process, this review takes the mitochondrial dynamic and mitophagic core events into consideration, which highlights the current knowledge about the molecular alterations from an APOE-genotype perspective, synthesizes ApoE4-associated regulations, and the cross-talk between these signaling, along with the focuses on general autophagic process and several pivotal processes of mitophagy, including mitochondrial dynamic (DRP1, MFN-1), mitophagic induction (PINK1, Parkin). These may shed new light on the link between ApoE4 and AD and provide novel insights for promising mitophagy-targeted therapeutic strategies for AD.

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Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of ApoE4 Interference Targeting Mitophagy Molecular Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease

Chen

Jiang

et al. 2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…Additionally, the patient’s memory improved, since his ability to name animals post-intervention showed a 74% improvement compared to its pre-intervention scores. This is by a presumed restoration of mitochondrial function secondary to ketone body production and the monocarboxylate transporter pathway [ 358 ]. In a recent randomized crossover trial, ketogenic diet applied in 21 AD patients, showed improvements in daily function and quality of life, and possible a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors [ 359 ].…”

Section: Non-pharmacological Interventions That Impact Astrocyte Func...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease–Comprehensive Review and Recent Developments

Rodríguez-Giraldo

González-Reyes

Ramírez-Guerrero

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism (along with a critical role in apolipoprotein E function). Current evidence shows that astrocytes have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects depending on the disease stage and microenvironmental factors. Furthermore, astrocytes appear to be affected by the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ), with alterations in calcium levels, gliotransmission and proinflammatory activity via RAGE-NF-κB pathway. In addition, astrocytes play an important role in the metabolism of tau and clearance of Aβ through the glymphatic system. In this review, we will discuss novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments focused on astrocytes as therapeutic targets for AD. These interventions include effects on anti-inflammatory/antioxidant systems, glutamate activity, lipid metabolism, neurovascular coupling and glymphatic system, calcium dysregulation, and in the release of peptides which affects glial and neuronal function. According to the AD stage, these therapies may be of benefit in either preventing or delaying the progression of the disease.

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“…It has been proposed that the effect of light energy on enhancing microcirculation and central hemodynamics of the brain constitutes the fundamental mechanism in improving cognitive abilities [2,3]. There has been a growing interest in applying PBM as a possible intervention for cognitive disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) [4][5][6][7][8] and dementia related to Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease [8][9][10][11][12][13]. A case report showed significantly improved executive functions and verbal learning and memory in two TBI patients after PBM [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Improves Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Three Case Reports

S¹,

Lee²,

Sophia³

et al. 2021

Alzheimers Dis Dement

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Objective: To examine the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on cognitive performance in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Background: While some positive effects of PBM stimulation to improve cognitive function in patients with traumatic brain injury and dementia has been reported, the PBM effects on amnestic mild cognitive impairment are relatively unexplored. Materials and methods: Three patients (mean age = 62) received 18-sessions of PBM stimulation twice per week for nine weeks. Each patient was assessed with Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (Rey-O testing visual memory) and Hong Kong List Learning Test (HKLLT testing verbal memory), Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), Geriatric Anxiety Scale-10 Item Version (GAS-10) and Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale (CGDS) before and after PBM.Results: All subjects demonstrated memory impairment at baseline, which was improved within the normal range after the intervention. One subject's verbal memory improved from 1 st percentile (moderately impaired) to 67 th percentile (average), another patient improved from 4 th percentile to 26 th percentile, and the third from 11 th percentile to 54 th percentile.Conclusions: PBM treatment may be a promising noninvasive intervention for patients with MCI or other memory disorder types.

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Nutritional Ketosis and photobiomodulation remediate mitochondria warding off Alzheimer’s disease in a diabetic, ApoE4+ patient with mild cognitive impairment: A case report

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

A Review of ApoE4 Interference Targeting Mitophagy Molecular Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease

A Review of ApoE4 Interference Targeting Mitophagy Molecular Pathways for Alzheimer's Disease

Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer’s Disease–Comprehensive Review and Recent Developments

Photobiomodulation Improves Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Three Case Reports

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