Nutritional values and nutrient digestibility of ground perilla cake (Perilla frutescens) in growing pig diets

Abstract

This study determined the nutritional values of ground perilla cake (GPC) and the potential for dietary supplementation in growing pigs based on in vitro ileal digestibility (IVID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). The IVID evaluated at four dietary supplementation levels: 0, 5, 10, and 20%. The ATTD was measured by using twenty-four grower crossbred pigs. Pigs were randomly assigned to three dietary supplementation levels (0, 5, and 10%). From these analytical results, GPC raw material contained crude protein (CP) content (31.54%). That total essential amino acid (EAA) was 138.34 mg/g, mainly leucine (28.87 mg/g), and contained notably limiting amino acids for pigs, such as lysine (19.52 mg/g) and methionine (10.94 mg/g). The ether extract content (EE) was 10.52%, and the major free fatty acid (FFA) was linolenic acid (C18:3n3; 55.97%) and the fat-soluble vitamins included γ-tocopherol (367.25 μg/100g). In addition, GPC contained minerals such as phosphorus (1.02%), potassium (0.83%), calcium (0.46%), and iron. However, crude fiber (CF) had a notably high content (24.43%). Increasing GPC levels in pig diets reduced the IVID of dry matter (DM), EE, and CF (P<0.05), especially the 20% GPC supplement. The IVID of the CP did not differ among the groups. Furthermore, the results for the ATTD of the CP and EE in the 5% GPC supplement group were significantly better than that of the other groups (P˂0.05). We found the potential of GPC as an alternative protein source. Moreover, it contained high energy and polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Components and Phytochemical Attributes of Selected Thai Rice Bran

“…The samples were initially methylated to fatty acid methyl esters, according to Morrisson and Smith ( 27 ). The final fatty acid methyl esters were used to determine free fatty acids following the method of Souphannavong et al ( 28 ) and Arjin et al ( 29 ) using a gas chromatography (GC-2030; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a 0.25 mm × 100 m × 0.25 μm wall-coated fused wax capillary column (RT-2560; Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). Helium was used as the carrier gas.…”

“…The samples were initially methylated to fatty acid methyl esters, according to Morrisson and Smith (27). The final fatty acid methyl esters were used to determine free fatty acids following the method of Souphannavong et al (28)…”

Improvement of Intramuscular Fat in longissimus Muscle of Finishing Thai Crossbred Black Pigs by Perilla Cake Supplementation in a Low-Lysine Diet

“…[ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Thailand produces approximately 272 tons of perilla seeds per year for perilla oil production, with approximately 60% of the by-products being perilla meal [ 18 , 19 ]. Perilla cake (PC) is a by-product of perilla seeds in the oil refinery industries via screw pressing.…”

“…Perilla cake (PC) is a by-product of perilla seeds in the oil refinery industries via screw pressing. [ 18 ]. PC is a rich source of PUFA, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (55.97%), with a 10.52% ether extract (EE) content [ 18 ].…”

“…[ 18 ]. PC is a rich source of PUFA, particularly alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (55.97%), with a 10.52% ether extract (EE) content [ 18 ]. Arjin et al [ 20 ] explained that perilla cake with a high ALA content might have potential as a feed supplement to enhance n-3 PUFA levels in pig tissues.…”