Nuuchahnulth

Carlson, Barry; Esling, John H.; Fraser, Katie

doi:10.1017/s0025100301002092

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The target language we selected for this purpose was Nuu-Chah-Nulth, which has a set of voiceless fricatives that meet our criteria (Maddieson, 1984). Nuu-Chah-Nulth is a Wakashan language spoken on Vancouver Island, Canada, which has velar /x/ and uvular /x/ fricatives, both produced with the tongue body but at different constriction locations, and a pharyngeal /£/ fricative, produced with the tongue root (Carlson, Esling, & Fraser, 2001). We used the betweenorgan /x/-/£/ and within-organ /x/-/x/ contrasts to test 6-8-and 10-12-month-old Australian-English-learning infants' discrimination.…”

Section: Experiments 1: Discrimination Of Non-native Voiceless Fricatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of articulatory organs and perceptual assimilation in infants' discrimination of native and non‐native fricative place contrasts

Tyler

Best

Goldstein

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychobiology

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The perceptual assimilation model (PAM; Best, C. T. [1995]. A direct realist view of cross-language speech perception. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 171-204). Baltimore, MD: York Press.) accounts for developmental patterns of speech contrast discrimination by proposing that infants shift from untuned phonetic perception at 6 months to natively tuned perceptual assimilation at 11-12 months, but the model does not predict initial discrimination differences among contrasts. To address that issue, we evaluated the Articulatory Organ Hypothesis, which posits that consonants produced using different articulatory organs are initially easier to discriminate than those produced with the same articulatory organ. We tested English-learning 6- and 11-month-olds' discrimination of voiceless fricative place contrasts from Nuu-Chah-Nulth (non-native) and English (native), with one within-organ and one between-organ contrast from each language. Both native and non-native contrasts were discriminated across age, suggesting that articulatory-organ differences do not influence perception of speech contrasts by young infants. The results highlight the fact that a decline in discrimination for non-native contrasts does not always occur over age.

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Section: Experiments 1: Discrimination Of Non-native Voiceless Fricatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of articulatory organs and perceptual assimilation in infants' discrimination of native and non‐native fricative place contrasts

Tyler

Best

Goldstein

et al. 2014

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…The goal of phonetic research has been to study in detail the articulations of sounds in the lower vocal tract using audio recordings and digital laryngoscopic images. The Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) dialects of Wakashan (e.g., Ahousaht) and the Nlaka'pamuxcín, Nxa'amxcín, and Npoqínišcn/Qalispé varieties of Salish have all been found to close the larynx completely for the speech sound "epiglottal stop" Esling 2000, 2003;Carlson et al 2001;Czaykowska-Higgins and Kinkade 1998). To account for the phonetic behaviour observed in these languages, the pharynx is classified as part of the laryngeal articulator (rather than lingual) because the laryngeal constrictor mechanism (controlling changes from the glottis to the aryepiglottic folds) is the principal articulator whose movements determine the shape of the pharynx.…”

Section: Glottal and Pharyngeal Articulations In Pacific Northwest Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

There Are No Back Vowels: The Laryngeal Articulator Model

Esling¹

2005

The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de li

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102

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BACKGROUNDVowels are usually described as lingually high or low and front or back. This conceptualization implies a model of lingual movement within the dimensions of a square space -four-cornered in two-dimensional terms -with the tongue moving up or down and from front to back. The tongue is usually represented in this model as the articulator responsible for changes in vowel quality along the high-low and front-back dimensions. This can be called the H-L-F-B model. The frameworks of the vowel quadrilateral, or the vowel triangle, have long represented auditory events in an articulatory way for graphic representational purposes. The image of the tongue moving high in the mouth or back in the mouth, however, does not conform with a growing body of articulatory evidence on pharyngeal phonetics. Neither is it as useful an image as it could be for understanding how sound quality is shaped by articulator movement, vocal tract postures, and resulting cavity resonances.

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“…While McCarthy (1994) surveys and organizes the categories of phonological features used in describing pharyngeal sounds, and Trigo (1991) and Bessell (1998) discuss the precise role of the feature [RTR] (retracted tongue root) in characterizing postvelar consonants, relatively little is understood about the articulatory mechanisms of postvelar sounds. (Carlson, Esling & Fraser 2001 The historical change of glottalized uvular stops and uvular fricatives to pharyngeals occurred in the Southern Wakashan language Nootka -12 dialects on the west coast of Vancouver Island between Cape Cook and Barkley Sound now usually referred to by the more inclusive term Nuuchahnulth. In looking at this sound change, we examine phonetic detail laryngoscopically and try to understand the phonological shift through articulatory data drawn from both Wakashan and Salish on the assumption that postvelar sounds can be compared phonetically across languages.…”

Section: Typology Of Pharyngealsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nootka displays a rich consonant system (table 1) typical of the Northwest Coast culturallinguistic area (see Carlson, Esling & Fraser 2001). Within an inventory that includes both glottalized stops (ejectives) and glottalized sonorant phonemes are two pharyngeals: /?/ and /©/ as in the lexical items /?uma…/ 'water from a spout' and /©u…/ 'over there'.…”

Section: Typology Of Pharyngealsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phonetics and physiology of the historical shift of uvulars to pharyngeals in Nuuchahnulth (Nootka)

Carlson¹,

Esling²

2003

Journal of the International Phonetic Association

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This paper examines the phonetic typology of pharyngeal sounds and presents external articulatory evidence for the phonological shift from uvular ejectives to pharyngeals in the Nootka dialects of Nuuchahnulth, based on the theory of the function of the aryepiglottic laryngeal sphincter mechanism. The phonetic structure of postvelar sounds is evaluated laryngoscopically in Wakashan and in Salish (cross-linguistically) to explain the historical phonological change through articulatory data. The physiological evidence suggests that uvulars may acquire phonetic characteristics of pharyngeals by adding an extra gesture to an existing sound. We conclude that postvelars can increase in complexity incrementally and that the complex pharyngeals of Wakashan and Salish can be explained through an articulatory phonetic hierarchy. The evolution of epiglottal components in each of the two phonologies is accounted for by the adaptation of existing glottal and pharyngeal elements. Implications for phonology are that features such as [RTR] and nodes such as pharyngeal can be attributed to the action of the laryngeal sphincter mechanism.

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Nuuchahnulth

Cited by 35 publications

References 0 publications

Investigating the role of articulatory organs and perceptual assimilation in infants' discrimination of native and non‐native fricative place contrasts

Investigating the role of articulatory organs and perceptual assimilation in infants' discrimination of native and non‐native fricative place contrasts

There Are No Back Vowels: The Laryngeal Articulator Model

Phonetics and physiology of the historical shift of uvulars to pharyngeals in Nuuchahnulth (Nootka)

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