NWS's Severe Local Storm Warning and Disaster Preparedness Programs

Mogil, H. Michael; Groper, Herbert S.

doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1977)058<0318:nslswa>2.0.co;2

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In addition, guidance suggests the use of alerting technologies that vibrate or flash using a strobe light to promote a wider reach to certain populations (e.g. deaf or blind populations) (Stokoe 2016;Mayhorn 2005;Mogil and Groper 1977).…”

Section: Guidance On Outdoor Siren System Alerting For Those Under Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Kuligowski¹,

Kimball²

2018

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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)'s Technical Investigation of the 2011 Joplin, MO tornado identified that no widely accepted standards exist for emergency communications in tornado events and more specifically, policies involving the use of communication systems to alert the public in advance of tornadoes. This publication provides evidence-based guidance for communities on the creation and provision of public alerts, including both alerts provided by outdoor siren (warning) systems and "short messages" sent by social media or other short message service (SMS) platforms. It is the hope that this guidance can eventually be used as input for standardization, through codes and standards, of the procedures and practices for outdoor siren systems and short message alerts used by communities across the United States. Standardization of emergency communication policies and procedures could occur at multiple levels, including among multiple jurisdictions, state-wide, regionally, or even nationally.This document begins with a brief background on alerting systems, focusing specifically on outdoor siren systems and short message alerts. The next section presents the methods used for the development of evidence-based guidance on public alerts, including methods for review of literature on public response to public alerting systems, the development of preliminary guidance based on these reviews, and the finalization of the guidance presented here in this report. Then, guidance for communities on the creation and provision of public alerts for those under imminent threat is presented. This document ends with a discussion on unanswered questions, providing opportunities for further research into various areas of public alerting.

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Section: Guidance On Outdoor Siren System Alerting For Those Under Immentioning

confidence: 99%

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Kuligowski¹,

Kimball²

2018

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“…3a,b,c), often also connected to some newspapers and civil defense offices. Telephone calls, through regular or "hotline" telephone lines, were also used (e.g., Mogil and Groper 1977). In some cases, local civil defense offices, upon receipt of the warning, would then pass it along to radio and television stations.…”

Section: Commercial Radio and Televisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A very effective means of communication of tornado warnings to local officials for dissemination and siren activation is the National Warning System (NAWAS), originally implemented in the 1950s for use during enemy attack. Today, NAWAS is a tiered national telephone system that connects federal officials, NWS offices, and many state and local warning points (FAS 1998;Mogil and Groper 1977).…”

Section: Widespread Broadcasts and Tone Alerts After The Supermentioning

confidence: 99%

The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States

Coleman

Knupp

Spann³

et al. 2011

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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Since the successful tornado forecast at Tinker AFB in 1948 paved the way for the issuance of tornado warnings, the science of tornado detection and forecasting has advanced greatly. However, tornado warnings must be disseminated to the public to be of any use. The Texas tornado warning conferences in 1953 began to develop the framework for a modern tornado warning system and included radar detection of tornadoes, a spotter network, and improved communications between the U.S. Weather Bureau, spotters, and public officials, allowing more timely warnings and dissemination of those warnings to the public. Commercial radio and television are a main source of warnings for many, and the delivery methods on TV have changed much since 1960. NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) was launched after the 1974 Super Outbreak of tornadoes, with the most important feature being the tone alert that allowed receivers to alert people even when the radio broadcast was turned off. Today, NWR reaches most of the U.S. population, and Specific Area Message Encoding technology has improved its warning precision. Outdoor warning sirens, originally designed for use in enemy attack, were made available for use during tornado warnings around 1970. “Storm based” warnings, adopted by the National Weather Service in 2007, replaced countybased warnings and greatly reduce the warning area. As communications advances continue, tornado warnings will eventually be delivered to precise locations, using GPS and other location technology, through cellular telephones, outdoor sirens, e-mails, and digital television, in addition to NWR.

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“…At the moment, countries like the United States have well placed Severe Local Storm Warning (SLSW) and Preparedness Programs developed by the National weather Service (NWS) since the 1970s. The SLSW focuses on the three-step formula of severe weather monitoring, warning and dissemination (Mogil and Groper 1977). The SLSW formula of monitoring-warningdissemination is at the core of adaptation and preparedness strategies.…”

Section: Recommendations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness and storm hazards in a global warming world: lessons from Southeast Asia

Chang

2010

Nat Hazards

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The 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 found an average increase in global surface temperature of 0.74°C between 1906 and 2005. There is general agreement in the literature that the frequency of extreme precipitation events in Southeast Asia will increase with global warming. In particular, the potential impact of associated storm hazards will render the densely populated countries in Southeast Asia vulnerable to such changes in precipitation events. One main adaptation strategy given such impending changes is preparedness. Using existing literature and historical meteorological data, this paper establishes that Southeast Asia is indeed experiencing storms of higher intensities and more frequently. Two case of extreme storm event in Southeast Asia, the extreme high rainfall event in December 2006 in Southern Johor and Typhoon Vamei, are presented to consider the implications of the increased storm activities due to global warming. These two examples also discuss the need for preparedness in adapting to the impact of global warming.

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NWS's Severe Local Storm Warning and Disaster Preparedness Programs

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

Alerting under imminent threat: guidance on alerts issued by outdoor siren and short message alerting systems

The History (and Future) of Tornado Warning Dissemination in the United States

Preparedness and storm hazards in a global warming world: lessons from Southeast Asia

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