“…(platform 2 , see Figure 1) but there are still large uncertainties about its depth after the crater collapsed 5 days later on January 22 (Durieux, 2002) That depth allows estimating extruded volumes of lava within the crater since the 2002 eruption (see Section 3.3). This new measurement, confirmed by two independent observations, also answers to a long-standing debate that was at the origin of large and recurrent discrepancies found in the literature, for example, Durieux (2002), Tedesco et al (2007), followed by Burgi et al (2014Burgi et al ( , 2018Burgi et al ( , 2020 and relayed in a recent review article of Pouclet and Bram (2021). Presumably based on visual inspection, no information about the measurement methods nor uncertainty are given in the above-mentioned studies.…”
Section: How Deep Was the Inner Crater After The 2002 Collapse?supporting
confidence: 65%
“…During about 6 years before the 2002 eruption, a cooled platform and encrusted lava lake were at steady altitude around 3,185 m a.s.l, which was not the case before the 2021 eruption. Moreover, the notion of maximum height of lava conveying a critical pressure equilibrium (e.g., Pouclet & Bram, 2021) is ambiguous since a 1977 critical setting exceeds by far the 2002/2021 threshold (see Figure 1b). While the 2002 eruptive sequence was most likely triggered by a regional rifting event (e.g., Komorowski et al, 2002;Wauthier et al, 2012Wauthier et al, , 2015, the 2021 eruption seems both controlled by sustained magmastatic pressure and a structural weakness resulting from the 2002 eruption (Smittarello et al, 2021).…”
Section: Conclusion and Perspectives: What Does The Amount Of Extrude...mentioning
Nyiragongo volcano (D.R. Congo), 3,470 m a.s.l., located in the Virunga Volcanic Province (VVP) along the western branch of the East African rift, is one of the few volcanoes on Earth that several times has hosted a lava lake with decadal persistence, here inside the ∼1.2-km wide summit crater (Lev et al., 2019; Figure 1a). Flank eruptions and associated drainage of its lava lake occurred at least three times,
“…(platform 2 , see Figure 1) but there are still large uncertainties about its depth after the crater collapsed 5 days later on January 22 (Durieux, 2002) That depth allows estimating extruded volumes of lava within the crater since the 2002 eruption (see Section 3.3). This new measurement, confirmed by two independent observations, also answers to a long-standing debate that was at the origin of large and recurrent discrepancies found in the literature, for example, Durieux (2002), Tedesco et al (2007), followed by Burgi et al (2014Burgi et al ( , 2018Burgi et al ( , 2020 and relayed in a recent review article of Pouclet and Bram (2021). Presumably based on visual inspection, no information about the measurement methods nor uncertainty are given in the above-mentioned studies.…”
Section: How Deep Was the Inner Crater After The 2002 Collapse?supporting
confidence: 65%
“…During about 6 years before the 2002 eruption, a cooled platform and encrusted lava lake were at steady altitude around 3,185 m a.s.l, which was not the case before the 2021 eruption. Moreover, the notion of maximum height of lava conveying a critical pressure equilibrium (e.g., Pouclet & Bram, 2021) is ambiguous since a 1977 critical setting exceeds by far the 2002/2021 threshold (see Figure 1b). While the 2002 eruptive sequence was most likely triggered by a regional rifting event (e.g., Komorowski et al, 2002;Wauthier et al, 2012Wauthier et al, , 2015, the 2021 eruption seems both controlled by sustained magmastatic pressure and a structural weakness resulting from the 2002 eruption (Smittarello et al, 2021).…”
Section: Conclusion and Perspectives: What Does The Amount Of Extrude...mentioning
Nyiragongo volcano (D.R. Congo), 3,470 m a.s.l., located in the Virunga Volcanic Province (VVP) along the western branch of the East African rift, is one of the few volcanoes on Earth that several times has hosted a lava lake with decadal persistence, here inside the ∼1.2-km wide summit crater (Lev et al., 2019; Figure 1a). Flank eruptions and associated drainage of its lava lake occurred at least three times,
“…Located in the North Kivu province and belonging to the East African Rift System (Fig. 1 ), the volcano is famous for its summit lava lake, the largest in the world, and is almost permanently active 4 . Figure 1 ( a ) Location map of the Nyiragongo volcano, the lava flows from the May 22, 2021 eruption (estimated volume not exceeding 10 Mm 3 with respect to the minimum volume of 16 Mm 3 estimated in the lava lake in 2020 9 ; Burgi, pers.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 ). This makes Nyiragongo one of the most dangerous and deadly in the world, with an extreme level of risk being amplified by the continuing seismic risk in the area due to rift-related tectonic earthquakes 4 , 6 , 7 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…After the January 17, 2002 eruption, the eruptive activity at Nyiragongo was confined within the summit crater for 19 years with a permanent lava lake 4 . This reached a high and critical level prior to the 2021 eruption that led the scientific community to issue a call for vigilance regarding the current and near future activity of the volcano 9 , 10 .…”
The development of a resilient society is a major challenge for growing human population faced with abundant natural hazards. During and after the May 22, 2021 eruption of Nyiragongo, the local population was surprised and scared by the subsequent seismicity and associated surface fracturing, coupled with the alert of a possible new eruptive vent opening in Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo) and/or Gisenyi (Rwanda). The creation of a toll-free phone number enabled the population to record fractures and gas/thermal anomalies affecting the area. Such work was fundamental in enabling scientists and authorities to assess the associated risks. Crucially, gas data showed that the degassing through fractures did not represent direct transfer of magmatic volatiles but was more likely of superficial origin. Surprisingly, this participatory work revealed that the first fractures appeared several weeks before the eruption and their opening was not detected by the monitoring system. This firmly underlines the need for scientists to anchor citizen science in monitoring strategies.
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